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Global Market: The establishment and integration of a global market have facilitated the spread of English lexical items.
Lingua Franca: English's status as a lingua franca for international communication further accelerates this influx.
Academic and Professional Use: There is an established, extensive use of English in academic and professional settings which drives adoption into Italian.
Non-Native Speakers: The growing number of non-native speakers contributes to the incorporation of English terms into Italian.

Focus of the Study: Virginia Pulcini's study examines English-induced lexical borrowings in the Italian language from a diachronic perspective, placing special emphasis on the second half of the 20th century.
Key Questions Addressed:
1. How many English words were imported into Italian throughout the centuries? (Quantitative data)
2. Was the increase or decrease of anglicisms connected to historical circumstances? (Qualitative analysis)
3. Which areas of Italian vocabulary have been affected? (Quantitative data related to areas)

Brexit Implications: Following the Brexit referendum in 2016, English's status as an official EU language concluded, potentially ending its influence saw since the mid-20th century.
Chronology of Lexical Borrowings: The study divides the influx of English words into five periods:
1. Early Contacts up to the 18th Century
2. The 19th Century
3. The First Half of the 20th Century
4. The Post-WWII Period
5. The New Millennium

Definition of Loanwords: Loanwords signify cultural impact and historical changes within languages and are indicative of the prestige held by the donor language.
Historical Changes: Language borrowings typically increase during intense social and cultural exchanges.
Directionality: The study focuses primarily on English borrowings in Italian.

Grande Dizionario Italiano dell’Uso (2007): This is an authoritative resource with various usage labels to signify frequency and origin of words.
Lo Zingarelli (2016): An annually updated dictionary that marks English entries retaining their original form.
Devoto-Oli (2016): A comprehensive dictionary used for contemporary lexical data.
Methodology: Usage of electronic dictionaries facilitates analysis due to a larger volume of data compared to their paper counterparts.

Internet: Provides access to a vast database but lacks contextual information.
Newspaper Archives: Offer reliable data though access may come with costs and are limited to journalistic language.
Corpora: Collections of authentic language data that can be analyzed through software provide a reliable method for studying real communicative uses.

13th-18th Century Contacts: Limited English loanwords due to primarily commercial and political contacts; many terms are now obsolete.
Anglomania: A fascination for English culture, which influenced Italy via French cultural dominance in the 18th century.
Early Borrowings Examples: Terms included from political and social life like "sceriffo" and "mayor."

Casati Law (1859): Established English as a subject in vocational secondary schools; crucial for introducing English into Italian education.
19th Century Developments: Increased cultural exchanges led to a rise of English terms in literature, politics, fashion, and transportation.

Cultural Exchanges: Intensified translations of English works contributed to a growing body of Anglicisms, with many terms borrowed directly without adaptation.
New Vocabulary: Sports, transport ("locomotiva"), and political terms saw a significant increase.

Historical Context: Characterized by the impact of two World Wars and political tensions, leading to a complex relationship with English.
Language Policy: Movements such as Neopurism opposed Anglicisms, promoted by fascist attitudes against foreign lexical influence, yet English studies remained popular.

Post-War Americanization: The influx of Anglicisms rose sharply as Italy underwent economic recovery.
Fields Impacted: Common areas include sports, cinema, and commerce with notable terms arising from American cultural exports.

21st Century Trends: Electronic dictionaries reveal significant growth in Anglicisms, particularly in IT and economy.
Types of Anglicisms: Divided into necessary (for new concepts) and luxury (for stylistic purposes) loans.

Recording of Anglicisms: The study indicates a continuous increase of borrowings, especially in IT, economy, and sports, throughout time.

Pragmatic Borrowings: Lexical borrowings with pragmatic functions convey speaker attitudes and perform speech acts.
Phraseological Anglicisms: Larger units borrowed from English considered essential in modern Italian communication.

Empirical Study: Utilizes various dictionaries and corpus data to explore frequency and functional usage of phraseological Anglicisms.

Types: Dubbing involves replacing the original language soundtrack, impacting how Anglicisms filter into Italian.
Direct Borrowings: Includes non-adapted, adapted, false, and hybrid anglicisms. Analysis of dialogues reveals the prevalence and context of these terms.

Dubbese: A hybridized language of dubbing showcasing linguistic specificity, devoid of geographic differentiation—has become an established form in Italian cinema.