FLASHCARDS
## 🔬 UNIT: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Flashcard 1
Q: Where do the light reactions occur?
A: Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
Flashcard 2
Q: What are the products of the light reactions?
A: ATP, NADPH, O₂.
Flashcard 3
Q: What is the main purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
A: To convert CO₂ into G3P (a sugar) using ATP + NADPH.
Flashcard 4
Q: What is the final electron acceptor of the light reactions?
A: NADP⁺ → NADPH.
Flashcard 5
Q: What provides the electrons that enter Photosystem II?
A: Splitting of water (photolysis).
Flashcard 6
Q: What creates the proton gradient used to power ATP synthase in chloroplasts?
A: Electron transport chain between PSII and PSI.
Flashcard 7
Q: What enzyme fixes carbon in the Calvin Cycle?
A: Rubisco.
Flashcard 8
Q: Why is Rubisco inefficient?
A: It can bind O₂ instead of CO₂ → photorespiration.
Flashcard 9
Q: What is photorespiration?
A: Wasteful process where O₂ is fixed instead of CO₂, producing no sugar and wasting ATP.
Flashcard 10
Q: C₄ and CAM plants evolved to prevent what problem?
A: Photorespiration.
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## 🧬 UNIT: MITOSIS / MEIOSIS
Flashcard 11
Q: Function of mitosis?
A: Growth, repair, asexual reproduction; produces 2 identical diploid cells.
Flashcard 12
Q: Function of meiosis?
A: Produces 4 genetically unique haploid gametes.
Flashcard 13
Q: When does crossing over occur?
A: Prophase I of meiosis.
Flashcard 14
Q: When do homologous chromosomes separate?
A: Anaphase I.
Flashcard 15
Q: When do sister chromatids separate?
A: Anaphase II (meiosis) AND anaphase (mitosis).
Flashcard 16
Q: What creates genetic variation in meiosis?
A: Crossing over + independent assortment.
Flashcard 17
Q: Independent assortment happens in which phase?
A: Metaphase I (alignment of homologs).
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## 🧬 GENETICS / PUNNETT
Flashcard 18
Q: Law of Segregation?
A: Alleles separate during gamete formation.
Flashcard 19
Q: Law of Independent Assortment?
A: Genes on different chromosomes assort independently.
Flashcard 20
Q: Genotype ratio of a dihybrid cross?
A: 9:3:3:1 (for two heterozygotes AaBb × AaBb).
Flashcard 21
Q: Testcross definition?
A: Unknown dominant genotype × homozygous recessive.
Flashcard 22
Q: Incomplete dominance example?
A: Red + white = pink.
Flashcard 23
Q: Codominance example?
A: AB blood type.
Flashcard 24
Q: What is pleiotropy?
A: One gene influences many traits.
Flashcard 25
Q: What is epistasis?
A: One gene masks the effect of another (ex: lab coat color).
Flashcard 26
Q: Polygenic inheritance?
A: Many genes affect one trait (ex: height, skin color).
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## 🧫 CELL SIGNALING
Flashcard 27
Q: 3 stages of cell signaling?
A: Reception → transduction → response.
Flashcard 28
Q: What type of receptor do steroid hormones use?
A: Intracellular receptors (lipid-soluble).
Flashcard 29
Q: What type of receptor do peptide hormones use?
A: Membrane receptors (cannot cross membrane).
Flashcard 30
Q: Second messengers examples?
A: cAMP, Ca²⁺, IP₃.
Flashcard 31
Q: What enzyme makes cAMP?
A: Adenylyl cyclase.
Flashcard 32
Q: What stops a signal pathway?
A: Phosphatases, signal degradation, receptor removal.
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## 🍃 EXTRA HIGH-YIELD FACTS (likely test questions)
Flashcard 33
Q: Where do the protons accumulate in chloroplasts?
A: Thylakoid lumen.
Flashcard 34
Q: What molecule leaves the Calvin cycle to make glucose?
A: G3P.
Flashcard 35
Q: How many CO₂ are required to make 1 G3P?
A: 3 CO₂.
Flashcard 36
Q: How many turns of Calvin cycle make 1 glucose?
A: 6 CO₂ → 2 G3P → 1 glucose.
Flashcard 37
Q: ATP production in chloroplasts vs mitochondria?
A: Chloroplast: light energy → ATP.
Mitochondria: chemical energy (glucose) → ATP.
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