FOOT AND ANKLE

OVERALL                                                                                                                                - 

  • Medial Muscles —> Inversion

  • Anterior Muscles —> Dorsiflexion, Extension

  • Lateral Muscles —> Eversion

  • Posterior —> Plantarflexion 

  • Pronated feet —> flat feet/low arch`

  • Supinated feet —> High arch

MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG                                                                                  -

Extensor Digitorum Longus

  • Extends digits (toes) (2-5)

  • dorsiflexion

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

  • Extends digits 2-4 (toes)

Extensor Hallucis Longus

  • Extends the hallux!

  • dorsiflexes

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

  • Extend hallux

Tibialis Anterior

  • dorsiflexion

  • everter

Tibialis Posterior

  • Plantar flexion

  • inverter

Peroneus longus

  • everter

Flexor Digitorum Longus

  • flexes digits 2-5 (toes)

Lower Leg Compartments - 4 compartments

Pedal Pulse/ Posterior Tibial Pulse

GAIT A manner of walking, stepping, or running

Normal gait - two phases:

  • 1 - stance/ support phase which starts at initial heel strike and ends at toe off

    • accounts for 60% if gait cycle

    • involves weight bearing

    • five periods

      1. initial contact (heel strike)

      2. loading phase

      3. mid stance

      4. Terminal stance (single limb support)

      5. toe off (pre-swing)

  • 2 - swing/ recovery which represents time from toe-off to heel strike

    • Period of non weight bearing

Types of Gait

  • running and walking gait have the same components

  • loading and mid stance = more rapid

  • after toe off - period of no ground contact

  • stance phase = 33% of gait ]

  • Kinetic chain to the lower leg

Arches

  • Flat (pronated) (pes cavus)

  • High (supinated) (pesceuds)

                —> lateral weight bearing

  • Orthotics

Injuries

Lateral Ankle Sprain, lateral tension

  • Mechanism: Inversion/ plantar flexion

  • ATF most commonly sprained

  • occurs through contact and non-contact

  • when pop is heard, that could indicate a torn ligament, torn tendon, subluxation (dislocation), or fracture (bone)

Morton’s Toe

  • 2nd toe is abnormally long

Medial Ankle sprain

  • Mechanism:

  • Deltoid ligament

Fractures

Bunion

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome = Shin splints

subtalar joint = between calcaneus and talus

peroneus = fibularis

medial amlleolus = end of tibia

lateral malleolus = end of fibula