ears

Sound Waves

• Sound waves consist of two main characteristics: wavelength and amplitude.

  • Wavelength: The distance between successive crests of the wave, which corresponds to the frequency.

    • Higher frequency results in a higher pitch (perceived sound).

    • Lower frequency results in a lower pitch.

  • Amplitude: The height of the sound wave, which we interpret as loudness.

    • A larger amplitude results in a louder sound.

    • A smaller amplitude results in a quieter sound.

Transmission of Sound Through Mediums

• Sound energy creates vibrations in molecules of the medium through which it travels.

  • In Air: Sound causes air molecules to vibrate.

  • In Water: Vibrations also occur in water molecules, transferring the sound energy through the liquid.

  • The vibrations cause molecules to bounce, facilitating the transfer of sound waves.

Ear Anatomy and Sound Vibration Reception

• Vibrations from sound waves eventually reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum), causing it to vibrate.

• These vibrations are then transmitted to the ossicles, which are the small bones located in the middle ear.

  • The ossicles consist of three bones:

    • Malleus: Also known as the hammer.

    • Incus: Known as the anvil.

    • Stapes: Referred to as the stirrup.

  • The ossicles amplify the sound vibrations before they are sent to the inner ear.