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Introduction to the Course

What is Science?

  • Definition: Systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation.

  • Etymology: Comes from Latin "scientia" meaning "knowledge".

  • Branches: Commonly end with "-ology" (e.g., biology, zoology, parasitology).

  • Characterization: Organized body of knowledge about nature.

The Scientific Method

  • Purpose: Aim to gain new knowledge; varies among disciplines.

  • Six Key Steps:

    • Question: Proposing the problem to be solved.

    • Hypothesis: Potential answer or prediction.

    • Experiment: Ordered investigation to prove/disprove the hypothesis.

    • Observation: Data collected through senses/scientific equipment.

    • Analysis: Compare results to hypothesis and draw conclusions.

    • Conclusion: Statement on whether hypothesis supported/refuted.

  • Process Dynamics: Steps may not occur in fixed order; iterative and evolving.

What is Technology?

  • Definition: Application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

  • Aspects: Involves tools, systems, methods, and their arrangement.

  • Impact: Affects human and animal ability to adapt to environments; includes subfields such as construction, medical, and information technology.

Technology's Historical Context

  • Early Uses: Conversion of natural resources into tools; control of fire improved food acquisition.

  • Inventions: The wheel facilitated travel; advancements in communication (printing press, telephone, internet) enhanced global interaction.

  • Negative Aspects: Development of weapons has included destructive technologies.

Effects of Technology on Society

  • Economic Development: Contributed to advanced economies; rise of leisure classes.

  • Pollution: Negative by-products from many technological processes.

  • Ethical Considerations: New technologies create ethical questions and challenge traditional values.

Science, Technology, and Society (STS)

  • Components: Science, technology, and society interconnected.

  • STS Definition: Study of interaction between social values, scientific research, technological innovation, and societal impact.

  • Cycle: Social values promote certain scientific research, leading to technological developments that influence societal values, creating a continuous feedback loop.

Role of Science and Technology in the Developing World

  • Impact on Development: Science and technology drive economic growth and improvements in health, education, and infrastructure.

  • 21st Century Revolutions: Emergence of micro-processors, telecommunications, biotechnology, and nanotechnology.

  • Innovation Necessity: Critical for economic development; requires quality education and skills training.

Modern Challenges and Solutions

  • Correlation to Progress: National progress tied to capacity for local production of goods; industrialization reliant on applied science and technology.

  • Recent Crises: Science and technology vital for addressing challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic; supports recovery and production efforts.

  • Expert Insight: Shamika N. Sirimanne emphasizes the critical role of S&T in navigating crises.