Chapter 5 Notes: Clash of Cultures

The chapter discusses the clash of cultures in Oklahoma between Native American tribes and white settlers during the early 19th century.
It covers the forced removal of many tribes to Indian Territory, the establishment of treaties and forts, and the resulting impact on the lives and cultures of the Native American tribes.

Terms: impressment, Missouri Compromise, migrate, cede, subsistence, assimilation, syllabary, Indian Removal Act, allotment, lottery.
People: Wichita, Caddo, Comanche, Kiowa, Kichai, Shawnee, Osage, Quapaw, Cherokee, Andrew Jackson, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole, Sequoyah, Seneca, Kickapoo, Euchee, Cayuga, Montfort Stokes.
Places: Missouri Territory, Arkansas Territory, Salina, Fort Smith, Fort Gibson, Fort Towson, Cherokee Outlet.

President Jefferson aimed to integrate Indian nations into the U.S. through treaties for security, land acquisition, and trade.
He sought to maintain Indian tribes as U.S. allies against European countries.
Jefferson hoped to gradually convert Indians to European lifestyles, from hunting to farming, believing in their equality but advocating environmental changes for assimilation.

The Louisiana Purchase secured U.S. territory and prevented European colonization, facilitating land trades with Indians for eastern lands desired by settlers.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 required a territory to have 60,000 residents to seek statehood.
In 1812, the Territory of Orleans became Louisiana, and the Territory of Louisiana, including Oklahoma, was renamed Missouri Territory.

The War of 1812 aimed to gain respect, halt British colonization, and end impressment of U.S. sailors.
The British burned the U.S. Capitol and White House in 1814.
Andrew Jackson's victory in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 boosted American strength and character.
The Treaty of Ghent restored U.S. boundaries.
In 1819, Oklahoma became part of Arkansas Territory.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820, resolved tensions over free and slave states by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
It prohibited slavery north of Missouri’s southern border at $36° 30'$ north latitude.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and the Dred Scott decision of 1857 later undermined the compromise, leading to the Civil War.

Oklahoma's land was ideal for hunting and trading for many Indian tribes, with territories spanning 500-800 miles.
The Wichita tribe relocated to the southern Red River valley to avoid the Osage.
The Caddo tribe lived along the Red River and were known for their sign language used in trading.
The Comanche tribe moved south to the Central Plains in the 1700s, engaging in hunting, warfare, and trading.
The Kiowa tribe migrated to the Central Plains and allied with the Comanche in the late 1700s but were enemies of the Caddo and Tonkawa.
The Kiowa-Apache tribe sought refuge with the Kiowa.
The Kichai tribe moved into western Oklahoma by the 1800s.
Some Shawnee migrated to Oklahoma in the early 1800s and became known as Absentee Shawnee, settling along the Canadian River.
Some bands of Delaware were in Indian Territory as early as 1812, at war with the Osage.
The Osage territory in the 1700s included northeastern Oklahoma, often in conflict with other tribes.

The Chouteau brothers persuaded an Osage band to relocate to northeastern Oklahoma for trading.
Salina, the oldest permanent white settlement in Oklahoma, was established in 1821 as a trading post.

The Quapaw tribe ceded most of its territory in 1818 and moved to join the Caddo along the Red River in 1824.
In 1833, they moved again to a small area near the Seneca tribe in northeastern Oklahoma.

A hostile band of Cherokee moved to the Arkansas Territory in the late 1700s and often fought with the Osage.
The U.S. encouraged the Osage to cede land in 1808 to stop Indian wars.
The 1816 Lovely’s Purchase Treaty traded hunting land for cash and gifts for the Osage.
The Western Cherokee attacked the Osage at Clermont’s village, leading to the establishment of Fort Smith in 1817.

Fort Smith was established in 1817 in Arkansas Territory to halt violence between tribes.
In 1824, Colonel Matthew Arbuckle established Cantonment Gibson (later Fort Gibson) on the Grand (Neosho) River.
In 1824, Colonel Arbuckle also set up Cantonment Towson (later Fort Towson) near the Red and Kiamichi rivers to regulate trade and keep peace.
Federal funds were allocated in the 1820s to build roads from Fort Smith to Cantonment Towson and Fort Jesup.
The western boundary of Arkansas Territory was changed to align with Cantonments Gibson and Towson, and the area became known as "Indian Country."

In 1828, the Western Cherokee exchanged their Arkansas land for land in Indian Territory, which included 7 million acres in northeastern Oklahoma and the “Cherokee Outlet”.
The 1828 treaty included compensation for moving, livestock, education, a printing press, and Sequoyah’s contributions.
It also laid groundwork for relocating the Eastern Cherokee to Indian Territory.

Government policies conflicted between assimilation and relocation.
President James Monroe in 1817 favored quick settlement along the southern coast, necessitating Indian removal westward.

Andrew Jackson led military campaigns against the Creek and Seminole tribes.
By 1824, he negotiated nine treaties, adding large parcels of land to the southeastern states.
Jackson believed the removal of Indians from the southeastern states was best for both Indians and white settlers.
During his presidency (1829-1837), he pushed for relocation, overlooking the