Exam 2 Review

Chapter 4

  • Antibody structure

    • heavy chain and light chain

    • hyper variable region

  • 5 isotypes

    • G

      • goes through placenta

    • M

      • first one produced

    • A

    • D

    • E

      • mast cells

  • epitope

    • part of antigen that is recognized

  • linear vs conformational epitope

    • linear can unfold and still be recognized

  • monoclonal antibody production

    • 1. give mouse disease

    • 2. check mouse for antigen

    • 3. kill mouse, take spleen

    • 4. take B cell out of spleen

    • 5. fuse with myeloma cells → hybridoma

    • 6. separate into 1 cell per 96 well

    • 7. ELISA each one to find the right antibody

    • 8. mass produce

    • 9. purify antibody

    • 10. Make money

  • basics of VDJ recombination and significance

    • RAG grabs V and J (or D and J), pulls them together creating a hairpin loop, cuts, TdT adds a bunch of random bases in between

  • RAG

  • antibody functions

Chapter 5

  • MHC1 production pathway

    • proteasome breaks down the protein that is going to be presented (can be self like a garbage disposal or viral antigen)

    • TAP lets broken down peptide pieces into ER

    • In ER, alpha chain produced first, but it is unstable, so A PROTEIN stabilizes

    • Beta chain produced second, but still unstable, so calrectulin stabilizes

    • once peptide binds, it is now stable, so it gets shipped to membrane

  • MHC2 production pathway

    • antigen is phagocytosed by APC and broken down into pieces (SEE PREVIOUS UNIT)

    • at the same time, MHCII is being produced in the ER (alpha and beta chains, similar to MHCI)

    • MHCII has invariable chain attached, but is broken off to just CLIP with put in vesicle

    • vesicles fuse, the fusion changes pH, PROTEIN breaks down CLIP

  • cross presentation

    • need MHCI to present to CD8 T cells in secondary lymph nodes, but can’t happen when something like liver cells are infected

    • cross presentation happens

    • either dendritic cell eats and then processes through MHCI pathway or

  • MHC diversity and significance

    • lots of diversity because polymorphic and polygenic

Chapter 6

  • B cell development

    • Early pro B cell

      • DJ rearranged on heavy chain

    • Late pro B cell

      • VDJ rearranged on heavy chain

    • Large pre B cell

      • check with surrogate light chain

    • Small pre B cell

      • VJ of light rearranged

      • check

    • immature B cell

  • self-reactive

    • B cell jail

Chapter 7

  • T cell development

    • lymphoid progenitor cells migrate from bone marrow to thymus

    • Double negate T cell progenitor

    • DJ of Beta rearranged

    • VDJ of Beta rearranged

    • check with surrogate alpha, becomes double positive

    • VJ of alpha rearranged

    • positive selection

    • negative selection

  • positive selection

    • check to make sure at least 2 binding points with MHC

  • negative selection

    • check with self antigen (AIRE)