Chapter 1 : the new world

  • Indian Societies

  • Crusades: 

    • a series of military expeditions mounted by western European political and religious authorities

    • were trying to raid the christian cities for gold. As they returned to europe they brought back props, spices, goods, silk

  • Black Death

    • as a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s

  • Mercantilism

    • Teaches all wealth belongs to the mother country

    • It amplifies the power of the kings

  • Portugal

    • First major country involved in exploration

    • They were focused on the east

  • Prince Henry

    • Heir to portuguese throne, never inherited

    • Wanted to create a school of navigation (more like a library)

    • Not an explorer but wanted to put portugal on the map

  • Vasco de gama

    • First to cross cape of storms

- Portuguese Explorations

also known as the Age of Discoveries, were a series of maritime expeditions undertaken by Portugal during the 15th and 16th centuries.


  • Christopher columbus

    • Originally italian**

    • Italy does not exists but they had italian states


(dual monarchy) king and queen. Queen Isabella and king ferdinand

Felipa Monez (his wife) also related to the king and queen

  • Helped get word to king and queen for columbus idea of exploration


Voyages of columbus (total of 4)

  • San salvador 

  • Columbian exchange: exchange of goods products and ideas between old and new world

    • Europeans brought horses

    • Columbian exchange brought disease and alcohol

      •  indians had no immunity 


-Columbus came up w the idea of racially based slavery

-targeted the native americans

-First european to advocate

  • Encomiendas

    • These are the slave labor grants

    • Gives spanish the right to have slaves

  • Repartimiento

    • Temporary slave labor grants

  • Treaty of tordesillas/Line of demarcation

    • Pope granted to portugal brazil and everything east of the line (asia, india, china)

    • Spain felt they were not really granted anything 

    • England and france were excluded which left them furious w the pope as well

Tainos

  • Indian tribe

  • 400,000 population in 1492

  • 11,000 population in 1518

  • Pathogens were the main cause of decline in pop.

Bartholome de las Casas

  • Priest who accompanied the conquistadors

  • Writes a book entitled on the devastation of the indies

  • He rats the conquistadors out, and reveals the atrocities and rape of indians the conquistadors are doing

  • Printing press

Hernan Cortes

  • Arrived in the aztecs and burned the ships

  • Has 350 men

  • Conquers the mexica empire

    • empire(one country takes over a another country)

    • He encounters tribes who've been conquered by aztecs, so they view him as a liberator

    • Believed cortez would lead them to victory

    • Within 100 years the pop of aztec empire was 1,000,000

  • Found gold shipped it back to spain

Mexica (aztecs)

  • started out w 25,000,000 population

New Spain

  • Hernando de soto

    • First european to discover mississippi river

Sistema de castas

  • Racial hierarchy

  • Peninsulares: spanish born in spain who relocated to new world

  • Criollos: spaniards born in the new world (not viewed equal to those born in spain)

  • Mestizos: mixed races

  • Indios: native born indians

Petrine Theory:

theory of the catholic Church that is based on the belief that Saint Peter, one of Jesus Christ's apostles, was given a special position of authority by Christ himself, and that this authority has been passed down through his successors, the popes.

Religious Reformation

  • Petrine theory

  • Jan Hus

    • Starts to argue that bible needs to put in vernacular (common tongue, any group should be able to read the bible in their own language)

    • Set a meeting to discuss his opinion and was arrested, tortured, hung, dug up, cremated, and ashes was thrown across the river

  • Excommunication

    • Was meant as warning, if they don't repent

  • Purgatory

    • If in a state of sin, your going to purgatory ( catholic view)

    • Was to spend 10,000 years

  • Indulgence

    • Johanne tetzel

      • Donate money to church in order to 

  • Martin Luther

    • Catholic monk

    • Wrote Ninety-Five Thesis

      • Stated 95 thing wrong w catholic church

      • Nailed it to the door of one of the largest churches and signed it

      • invited him to meeting known as the diet of worms 

- the church wanted him to recant, kneel, and confess/repent for sins

-pope bans luther, nb can give him food water or shelter or you will be excommunicated

- german princes  came to his rescue


  • Lutheran church

    • Peasants revolt (luther did not back the peasants)

    • Luther wrote a letter and argued if a jew does not convert to be christianity the jew should be put to death.


  • John calvin

    • Lawyer

    • Writes Institutes of christian religion (some of his ideas)

      • Predestination: belief that before the world was created god already made the decision who goes to heaven and who goes to hell

      • City of God (geneva, switzerland)

      • Establishes geneva as theocracy

        • Not just a sin to not attend the church, but its against the law

  • Henry VIII

    • VERY Catholic

    • Writes essay denouncing luther

    • Pope grants him as defender of faith


Catherine of Aragon

  • Daughter of the king in spain

  • Wife of henry

  • Daughter is Mary the 1st

  • Henry wanted a son so he wants his marriage annulled ( claim marriage was invalid) which would make mary non-legitimate and would have to drop all titles (so basically make his granddaughter a bastard, pope did not agree so he just granted divorce which was highly opposed during those times)

Church of England (anglican church)

Counter/Catholic Reformation

  • Church tries to win back people who left church

    • First method: Used torture to get people to come back and confess

  • Second method:Ignatius Loyola

    • Group of teachers combat reformation w education