Native and Colonial America

Native and Colonial America U.S History 


Colonial Politics

  • Limited Self-Government

    • Elected legislative assemblies

    • Governors

  • Voting

    • Limited to adult males educated and/or property owners (White)

Southern Colonies

  • Maryland (1634

  • Virginia (1607)

  • Carolinas (1663)

    • North Carolina (1729)

    • South Carolina (1729)

  • Georgia (1732)

  • Limited education due to an agricultural base 


The Mayflower (II Boat)


Maryland

  • Lord Baltimore established colonies for Catholics

  • Act of Toleration (1649)

    • Toleration of all Christian Sect

    • Death to those who denied Jesus

  • Religious civil war brought control to Protestants


Carolinas

  • North Carolina

    • Tobacco plantations

    • Well-established autonomy

  • South Carolina

    • Rice plantations

    • Became heavily dependent on slavery

John Smith

Treaty of Tordesillas


Colonials Economics

  • Land was “gold”

  • No established monetary system (gold and silver)

  • Transportation

    • River and coasts

    • Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal services

  • New England

    • Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, trading

  • Middle Colonies

    • Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade

  • Southern Colonies 

    • Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor

Slavery

  • Indentured servitude

  • Labor shortages lead to importing slave

  • Cheap labor

  • Dependable work force

  • Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion - 1739 in South Carolina 

  • New York “Conspiracy” - 1741

  • Slave laws

European Colonization

  • Columbus in 1492 spearheads European intervention into America

  • Relations with natives

    • Spain

      • Encomienda system and asiento system

    • England France

Pilgrims

  • Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia

  • Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters

  • Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth - 1620


Europe

  • Renaissance (rebirth)

  • Growth of Nation- States (England,France, Spain, Portugal)

  • Protestants Reformation and Religious Wars

    • Lutheranism

    • Calvinism - predestination

    • Church of England aka Anglican Church

    • Catholic Counter - Reformation 

Colonial American Culture

  • Becoming American

    • Pragmatism

  • Dominance of English culture

  • Folkways

    • Differed by coast/frontier, New England/Middle/Southern colonies


Small pox was brought from Europe into the Colonies

  • Most Native Americans would not have the medicine/antibodies and would have died and been wiped out villages.

New England

  • Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630)

    • John Winthrop and “city upon a hill”

  • Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams (1636)

    • “Wall of separation”

  • Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638)

    • Antinomianism

  • Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker (1636-1637)

  • New Hampshire (1679)


Colonial Society

  • American Social Structure

    • Wealthy landowners

    • Merchants

    • Small Farmers

    • Craftspeople

  • Opportunity

    • Less Dependent on heredity 

    • Meaning that their children would be able to choose what they wanted to do (men)

  • Gender Roles

    • Men

      • Patriarchal society, landowners, workers (in charge of work)

    • Women

      • Submissive to men but respected, domestic responsibilities limited to no political rights (in charge of household)

      • Could not vote and have an opinion 

  • New England Culture

    • Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle

    • Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode Island

    • Halfway Covenant: attempt to increase members

    • Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)

      • Cotton Mather 

      • Spectral Evidence 

    • Education by mothers 

    • Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; 100, grammar schools

  • Georgia

    • James Oglethorpe established in 1732

      • Social experiment

    • Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida

    • Debtors colony 

  • The First English Colonies

    • First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585

    • First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

      • John Smith - “he that will not work shall not eat”

      • John Rolfe - Tobacco (easy to grow and sell)

  • Middle Colonies

    • New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 to become New York

    • Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey by 1702

    • Develop wheat and corn farms and eventually into manufacturing and trade

    • Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702)

    • Education by private or churches 

  • England

    • Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval power

    • Population increases 

    • Joint-stock companies develop

    • Religious conflicts divide the nation (England Catholic Nation)

      • King Henry the 8 forms new religion to the church of England

    • Weak monarchs, civil war, and revolutions

  • Natives

    • Nomads

    • Agriculturally-based (maize/corn)

    • Hopewells/Mississippians

      • Mountbuilders

    • Iroquois 

      • Iroquois Confederacy 

  • Colonial Religion

    • Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration

    • Domination by Protestants; little influence of Anglican Church; other sects and denominations viewed as bizarre

    • The Great Awakening (1730-1740s)

      • Over time, economics became prominent over religious conviction 

      • Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God” 

      • George whitefield

      • Development of evangelism and individual faith

  • English Colonies

  • Charters

  • Corporate Colony

    • Granted a charter to stockholders

    • Ex. Virginia

  • Proprietary Colony

    • Granted a charter to individual or group

    • Ex Maryland Pennsylvania

  • Royal Colony 

    • Under the direct control of the monarch

    • Ex. New Hampshire

    • Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts 

  • Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

    • Established by King James II to consolidate colonies

    • Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey

    • Governor Edmund Andros 

    • Dissolution 

  • Colonial Culture - The Arts

    • Architecture 

      • Early colonies centered around a church

      • Urban structures typical of English structures

      • Frontier log cabins

    • Painting

      • Portrait painters and landscapes

    • Literature

      • Religious sermons, political essays, and non-fiction books

      • Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin (Richard Saunders)

  • Columbian Exchange 

    • Widespread of exchanging plants, animals, diseases and other things between the New World and to the Old World 

    • Has both positive and negative outcomes which spread more plants and animals to the new world but also transferred diseases killing many villages

  • Pennsylvania

    • William Penn Establishes Quaker-based colony in Pennsylvania (1681)

    • Religious Society of Friend, aka Quakers

    • Holy Experiment

      • Religious refuge

      • Liberal political ideals

      • Economic success 

      • Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

  • Mercantilism and Triangle Trade

    • Colonies for the Mother Country

    • Acts of Navigation

      • Trade on English ships

      • Imports pass English ports

      • Exports to England

    • Triangle Trade

      • Middle Passage 

  • Mayflower Compact

    • Unanimous passed by Plymouth Colonies 

    • Bares witness to the law and creates the law that governs the Plymouth Colonies

    • If not follow law, you can get send back to England

  • Colonial Culture - Education and Information

    • Learning 

      • Prominent in New England colonies

      • Education limited to wealthy males; females learned domestic chores

    • Newspapers 

      • Limited content on weekly basis

      • John Peter Zenger case (1735) 

  • Immigration

    • 250,00 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775

    • Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate

    • Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil

    • English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish Irish, Dutch, Swedish ← Old Immigrants

    • Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor

  • Virginia 

    • House of Burgesses in 1619

      • First legislative assembly in the colonies

    • Becomes royal colony in 1624

    • Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

      • Inequities between large landowners and Western farmers

      • Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley 

    • Headright System

      • 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrants

  • New England Politics

    • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

      • First Written constitution in America

    • New England Confederation (1643-1684)

      • Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven

    • King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676)

      • New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag alliance 


New Power Point Notes

  • Each colony was unique in its characteristics. However they are grouped together based on location, reasons they were founded and what type of industries they had. 

    • Southern Colonies -  Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina Georgia

    • New England Colonies - Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island

    • Middle Colonies - Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey

  • Southern Colonies

    • Settler Origins: Mostly English, German, Scottish

    • Push Factors: Economic depression in the woolen trade, Population surplus (why they were pushed out of England)

    • Pull Factors: Economic opportunity. There was initially the promise of gold… but then cash crop agriculture (why they would pull towards settling)

  • Advantage and disadvantage of geographic location of the colonies is they had lakes and oceans and rivers for crops and more agricultural land economically, also had harsh environments and diseases.

  • Southern Colonies

    • Geographic Characteristics

      • Excellent wetland, full of riverways, and bays

      • Climate is warm with plenty of rain

      • Soil is excellent for farming and growing season is long

    • Economic Characteristics

      • In 1606, the Virginia Company (joint stock company) was formed by investors hoping to find Gold in the New World

      • In 1607, Jamestown became the first permanent British colony in the Americas

      • Jamestown struggled to survive early on! Why? (Since they came to a New world with the clothes on their back and have to build shelter/find food/deal with natives)

      • No Gold: Colonists failed to plant crops and faced major starvation

      • Swampy location of the Chesapeake was a breeding ground for diseases

      • And Jamestown was located in the heart of Powhatan lands

    • Powhatan Confederacy (Tribes that were grouped together and worked)

      • Tribe people weren’t happy that New England settlers tried taking land and “owned land"

      • 1622 Powhatans uprising killed 147 Jamestown colonist

      • John Smith would take control and force colonists to farm (instead of finding gold), and negotiate with nearby Powhatans Indians and have a treaty.

    • Economic Characteristics

      • Jamestown eventually survives once colonist switch to agricultural economy

      • John Rolfe introduces a hybrid form of tobacco.

      • Relations with Native Americans: Tobacco required new lands leading to increased conflict with Powhatan Indians. 

    •   Due to the success of tobacco Jamestown grew into “Virginia”

      • Many plantations along James River

      • 1650 is settled along Bayside of Virginia

      • 1700 most is settled in the Southern Colonies

    • Ultimately, Southern Colonies turn into a cash crop agricultural economy

    • Maryland and Virginia tobacco

    • (Missing

    • Labor: Cash crop agriculture requires labor

    • Initially this is demand is met through the Headright System

    • Headright System: Land in exchange for settlers paying their own way

    • Indentured Servitude typically poor men who agreed to work for 4-7 years in the colonies

    • Political structure: Virginia grows into the biggest and most prestigious colonies

    • Virginia becomes Royal Colony

    • Becomes a Royal colony because of the King giving the governor of the colony power and oversee trade and approve laws and dismiss colonial assembly

    • Colonial Council and Colonial Assembly

      • Council is appointed by Gov. Highest court in Colony advisors to Gov

      • Assembly is elected by landowners and authority to tax paid of gov Salary

      • Notice which political body retained the power of taxation. Why is this significant? What will be the name of Virginia’s famous legislative body?

        • The people pay the taxes and the government that is most governed by the people is the assembly and carries on through the future (Senate/House of Reps)

        • Virginia House of Burgesses 

          • Colonial Capital of Virginia

          • In 1619, Virginia colonist created a legislative assembly to create local taxes and laws

          • The Virginia House of Burgesses became the first legislative assembly in North America

      • Religious Characteristics

        • Anglicans, Puritans, Calvinist, Scottish Presbyterians

        • Maryland- haven for Catholics discriminate in England

        • Religious tolerance born more out of convenience that conviction

        • Religion did not play as a great role in the Southern colonies as it did in New England.

          • Why? 

            • Because Southern Colonies more concerted with economic growth

            • Farms and plantation were far from each other so it was hard to go to church

      • Southern society (Hierarchy) 

        • The plantation gentry dominated society and the House of Burgesses

        • Yeomen Farmers; first men who lived on modest farms; many lived on the edge of poverty

        • Indentured servants were often mistreated and cheated out of land (were white men of England and got people to pay for them and had to work to pay off the debt)

        • African Slaves

      • Miscellaneous: Bacon’s Rebellion

        • Causes of rebellion is due to tobacco price fall, lack of land, high taxes, lack of available land, no government help

        • Bacon and followers make war on native Americans for their land

        • Also begin looting wealthy white plantations

        • Importance of rebellion: 

        • Demonstrates that indentured servitude is not working

        • Once they become free, indentured servants want things - freedom, rights, money

        • Colonists need a source of labor that won’t give problems or become potential economic competition. 

      • White and Black Migration to VA (Virginia growth was due to indentured Servitude

      • The first African slaves arrived in Jamestown 1619

      • Most slaves were taken from Mid-South Africa to the South and North Americas for trade.

  • New England Colonies

    • Settler Origins: mostly English, Puritans 

    • Push factors: Religious Persecution; Separatists from the Church of England (Pilgrims vs. Puritans)

    • Pull factors: Religious freedom

    • What are the advantages/disadvantages of geographic location?

      • Location was more colder 

    • Geographic Characteristics

      • Cold Winters and mild summers

      • Soil is generally rocky making farming difficult

      • Good harbors

      • Fish rich waters

      • Vast timber resource

    • Economic Characteristics

      • As a result of the lack of farming opportunities, economic opportunities in New England are based around the sea: shipbuilding, fishing, whaling, and trade (More easier to export material to southern Colonies since ships are able to carry large quantities of items much faster than on land.)

      • Major exports: fish, whale products, ships, furs, rum, whisky

      • Subsistence farming-small family farms (not cash crop farms)

      • Boston becomes known for its merchants and world famous port (Known for best port and great for docking and merchants congregate around)

      • All 13 colonies operated under the mercantilist theory which believes that colonies are meant to provide raw materials to the mother country (England) and to act as a market for manufactured good 

      • New England colonies benefited most from this system. (Due to resources of surplus/goods that weren’t on sale shipped to England)

      • New England Colonies produced gold silver, and fur and lumber and food stuffs and traded manufactured goods to England

      • How Mercantilism played out in the colonies

        • Navigation Laws: 

          • Buy more from England than you sell her

          • Don't trade with other countries

          • Don't trade with other colonies

          • Good can only be transported using British ships

          • Only sell enumerated goods (goods considered essential to England’s wealth) to Britain 

          • (A strict system that colonies had to abide)

          • Despite the restrictions New England Colonies able to do well by themselves

          • New England colonies develop an economic culture of smuggling

          • Britain more or less winked at this law-breaking

          • Boston quickly became largest single port outside of Great Britain itself

        • Labor

          • Mostly family subsistence farming - (little need for servant/slaves)

          • Indentured Servants

          • Some slaves. MA is the first state to outlaw slavery

        • Religious Characteristics

          • Pilgrims (strong separatists) Wanted to form new branch of religion

          • Puritans (initially sought to reform from within) wanted to reform the Church of England of strict Protestant church 

          • Puritans believed that the Anglican Church compromised too far by allowing some Catholic rituals

          • Protestant work ethic: godliness duty, hard work, and honesty

          • Full church membership required an account of the conversion experience

        • Punishments were public and were operated by stocks (wooden platform and hand and head stuck in holes and left for days)

        • Political Characteristics

          • Mayflower Compact:

            • Pilgrims agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority of the colony with prevail (dispute of any sort/problem will be brought and majority will decide what are the rules)

            • Its the 1st genuine step towards self-government made by colonial settlers

            • MA Bay Colony: theocratic state/strict colony based around the Bible

            • The Purpose of government was to enforce God’s laws

            • John Winthrop -”we shall be a city upon a hill” (to shines God light everywhere)

            • Votes were extended to all “freemen” - adult males who were members of the congregation (the church would translate into the government)

            • Town meeting where met in a big buildings (or even in church) and scheduled and well attended

            • Meeting House was a focal point of the community where all the town’s residents could discuss local issues, conduct religious worship, and engage in town business (Women would socialize and men would negotiate and talk about politics)

            • Royal Colony Set Up

              • Royal governors were appointed by king and oversaw trade/has final approval on laws and dismisses colonial assemblies

                • In MA Bay, the governor was elected by the “freemen”

              • Colonial Council was appointed by governor and was highest court in the colony and was adviser to the governor

              • Colonial Assembly was elected by landowners and authority to tax and paid Governor salary

          • As 1st generations of Puritans died out, concerns about new generation commitment to religious living rose up

          • Halfway-covenant: allowed the children of baptized, but unconverted members to be baptized

          • Significance: religious purity was sacrificed for wider religious participation

        • Social Hierarchy:

          • Upper classes in New England: Merchant, ship-builders, clergy

          • Middle Class: craftsmen, yeomen farmers

        • Other Major Leaders

          • Puritans did not support dissent:

          • People who were banished for arguing for the separation of church and state:

          • Roger William: was banished from Massachusetts. He formed the Rhode Island colony in 1636

          • Anne Hutchinson (Antinomism Finish

        • As colonists settled and spread across New England, they entered land that was already inhabited by Native Americans

          • New settlers would try to “own” things like land and conflict insues 

        • Tension in New England

          • As the New England colonies expanded into new lands, conflicts with Indians arose:

          • Pequot’s War (1637) - culminated in the Puritans militia's burning and slaughtering of nearly 300 men, women and children

          • King Phillip’s War (1675-1676) was an early and bloody conflict between English colonists and Native Americans. It was named after the leader of the Native Americans

        • What might have caused hysteria shown in this image?

          • People pointing fingers and accusing and could be accusing them of being a witch (Salem witch trials)

        • In 1692, the Salem witchcraft trials led to the death of 19 & imprisonment of 150 citizens:

          • Caused by a variety of factors: Indians attack, religious fanaticism, lack of available land, accusation by local girls

  • Middle Colonies

    • Settler Origins: English, German, Dutch, French, Welsh, Swedish, Scottish, Irish, Scots

    • Push Factors: Religious persecution (in Europe and in New England)

    • Pull Factors: Religious freedom

    • Geographic Characteristics

      • Temperate in climate with mild summers and cold winters

      • Better soil than New England, but not as fertile as the South

      • Excellent harbors with good ports for trade (Like New York harbor, and Delaware Bay, Etc)

    • Economic Characteristics

      • Diverse economy

      • Cash crop production: middle colonies known as the breadbasket colonies because of large amount of barley, wheat, oats, and rye produced

      • Commercial economy: trade and shipbuilding

      • Major Exports: Lumber furs, whale oil

    • Labor

      • Mostly family based subsistence farms -(little need for servants/slaves)

      • Small farmers, craftsmen and merchants form a basic commercial economy.

      • Small businesses could also rely on indentured servants

    • Social Hierarchy:

      • Upper classes in the middle colonies: Merchants, shipbuilders, larger farmers

      • Middle Class: craftsmen, yeomen farmers

      • Slave in some cases

    • Religious Characteristics 

      • Religion varied, no single religion dominated

      • William Penn’s Holy Experiment- wanted to create a safe-haven for Quakers and other religious groups

      • Call of religious tolerance attracted settlers from all over especially a large number of German Protestants (settled in Lancaster known as Amish people or even Pennsylvania Dutch)

      • But middle colonies also included, Catholic Calvinists, Jews etc

    • Political Characteristics

      • Most middle colonies were royal colonies (see basic political system breakdown)

      • But some colonies (Pennsylvania, Delaware were proprietary colonies: they were established with a charter to rule for individuals or group

      • The Trial of John Peter Zenger: Zenger was a German journalist who published an editorial criticizing New York’s governor  (was arrested)

      • Case goes to court. Jury Rules in Zenger’s favor

      • This case is significant because it represents one of the major building blocks to freedom of the press (found in First Amendment)

    • Relationships with Native Americans

      • Middle Colonies were known for having friendlier relationships with Native Americans 

      • William Penn, brough land from the Delaware Indians and made a treaty with them

      • Settlers of the Middle colonies would work out deals with these Indians

    • Facts about school

      • Boys normally went to grammar schools while girls went to dame school

      • There were no chalkboards, maps, or paper

      • School teachers were strict and were allowed to hit their students or make them wear a dunce hat (paper hat and rolled up as a cone meaning stupid) if they were bad or said the wrong answer

      • In the New England colonies children were taught to read so they could study the Bible. Boys got to also learn Latin and Math and other subjects to get into college. Girls could learn to read but they weren’t allowed to go to grammar school or to college. (Your mom could only really teach you to read or the dad makes daughter to read aswell and only stayed home)

      • In the Middle Colonies, most schools were private. Students also learned other subjects so they could get into college. Girls weren’t allowed to attend (unless they were Quakers)

      • In the Southern Colonies, children were mostly taught at home. As in the other colonies, Southern girls did not go to higher schooling

    • Free Time

      • Make new clothes (were women)

      • Sleigh rides and Ice skate (in the winter down in the North)

      • Barn raising (social event) and mostly for men

      • Dance and social clubs 

      • Plays