genomics(dna), transcriptomics (rna), and proteomics (all protein organism produces) ch. 20

Genomics:

  • structural genomics determines the dna sequence of entire genomes

  • functional genomics determines the functions of genes by using genomic based approaches

  • comparative genomics studies how genomes evolve

Trancriptomics:

  • is the study of the transcriptome-the complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell/tissue/organisms

  • using high-throuput methods, such as microarray anallysis (less common) and high throuput sequence of RNA Seq

Protemics:

genome sequencing(structural genomics)-1. grind be 2. shatter dna into smaller pieces 3. sequence the pieces, 4. computer matches up overlapping parts to get contiguous sequence

transcriptome-RNASeq

RNA sequencing (rnaseq) or transcriptome sequencing can be used to determine the expression of genes

cellula rrna is isolated, converted to cDNA, and sequenced, providing information on the RNA transcripts present in a cell

Structural genomics: sequencing of genetic info contained within genome

genetic maps- linkage map approximate locations of genes, relative to the location of other genes, based on the rates of recombination

-limitations , low resolution, dont sorrespond to physical distance between genes

genetics maps based on rtes of recombination

recomb requencing? RF related to genomic mapping?

contig-set of overlapping dna sequencing

humans: 1.5% of dna encodes proteins

functional genomics: the functions of many human genes have yet to be determined

ems mutagenisis: sperm cells affected independently. M1 kernels embryo and endo sperm form distict sectors

genome wide association studies- associate specfic geetic variations with particular diseases

halpotype is a specfic set of SNPs and toher genetic variants oobserved on a single chromosome or part of a chromosome

-group indiv. in snp or haplotype groups

linked snp-outside of gene;; segreage with gene

causative snp: in gene

non coding snp: changes amount of protein

coding snp: changes amino acid

snps correlate with disease risk: drug efficacy studies/ personalized medicne

homologous sequences are evolutionarily related

paralogs: homologous genes in the same species and arise form same gene duplication.

orthologs: homologous sequences found in diff species. evolved form the same gene in a common ancestor

proteomics: analysis of complete set of proteins in a cell

techniques utilized to assess protein composition of cells or other biological smaples

  1. two dimensional polycrylamide gene electrophoresis

  2. mass spectrometry

two dimesniional acrylamide gel electrophoresis can be used to seperate cellular proteins

contig-set overlapping dna fragments assembled in correct order to form a continous stretch of dna

linkage gorups: genes located on same chromosome

chromosome: structure of dna and assocp roteins that carries and tramsits genetic info

snps

haplotype

linekage