APUSH Review - All Units

Indigenous societies in the Americas were diverse, shaped by their environment.
- Cahokia: Urban environment due to fertile soil.
- Apache: Nomadic lifestyle due to environment.
Arrival of Europeans (Spanish, French, Dutch, Portuguese, British) caused a fundamental change in Native societies.
- Spanish: Conquistadors, encomienda labor system, casta social hierarchy.
- Columbian Exchange: Transformed the New and Old Worlds.

British colonies developed differently based on purpose, people, and region.
- New England, Middle, Southern, and Caribbean colonies varied significantly.
- Slavery more prevalent moving from New England down to the Caribbean.
British relations with indigenous Americans ranged from cordial to hostile, leading to violence (e.g., King Philip's War).
Colonies developed their own culture and self-government due to distance from Britain.

Causes of the American Revolution:
- French and Indian War led to new taxation policies, causing colonial resentment.
- Enlightenment political thought against hereditary monarchy.
American Revolution:
- Colonists declared independence in 1776.
- Won due to George Washington's leadership and alliance with the French.
Effects of the Revolution:
- Inspired revolutions in France and Haiti.
- Articles of Confederation failed due to a weak federal government.
- The Constitution established a republican government with stronger federal power

Politics:
- Rise of political parties: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, later Democrats and Whigs.
- Regional loyalties influenced American politics.
- Andrew Jackson expanded voting rights to all white males.
Economics:
- Market Revolution: Fueled by technologies like the telegraph and steam engines.
- North: Industrial center; South: Specialized in agriculture.
Society and Culture:
- Internal and external migration due to the Market Revolution.
- Emergence of a distinct American culture.
- Second Great Awakening: Religious reform movements.

Civil War dominated the period.
Causes:
- Fight over slavery, amplified by Manifest Destiny.
- Annexation of Texas and the Mexican-American War.
Attempts to solve the issue:
- Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850 only temporarily worked.
Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 led to secession and the Civil War.
The North won due to industrial capacity and population.
Reconstruction:
- 13th-15th Amendments: Ended slavery and acknowledged rights of black Americans.
- Ended due to the election of 1877, allowing the South to return to old ways.

Gilded Age: Industrial growth covered underlying problems.
Industrialization:
- New technologies (electricity, telephone) and laissez-faire government policies.
- Rise of industrial giants (Carnegie, Rockefeller) led to wealth and a growing middle class.
Working Class:
- Poor conditions led to the formation of labor unions.
- Some reforms were made (higher pay, reduced work hours).
Immigration:
- Large waves of immigrants led to nativism.
- The Western Frontier was declared closed by 1890.
Imperialism:
- Annexation of Hawaii and The Philippines.

America became a world power.
Imperial Expansion: Annexed Hawaii, Spanish-American War, The Philippines.
Progressive Movement: Reforms like prohibition, direct election of senators, women's suffrage.
World War I: Involvement after neutrality, repression of civil rights at home.
Woodrow\ Wilson: crafted postwar peace in the Treaty of Versailles which was rejected by the US Senate
Great Depression: Worldwide effects, FDR's New Deal.
World War II: Ended the Depression and led to the US and Soviet Union as superpowers.

Cold War: Four-decade standoff between the US and the Soviet Union.
- Both emerged as superpowers but didn't directly fight due to nuclear weapons.
- Proxy wars like Korea and Vietnam.
Domestic Front:
- Civil Rights Movement: Laws like the Voting Rights and Civil Rights Act.
- Lyndon Johnson's Great Society: High point of liberal politics.
Postwar Economy: Fabulous for the middle class, leading to the baby boom.