System Analysis and Design Flashcards

System Analysis and Design

Introduction

• This unit covers competencies required to develop computer programs.
• It involves understanding:
  • System Analysis and Design fundamentals.
  • Approaches to system development and project planning.
  • Performing System Analysis.
  • Identifying Essentials of System Design.
  • Understanding advanced design concepts.
  • Performing system implementation.
  • Understanding Current Trends in System Development.

Performance Report

• Design should differentiate between system analysis and design.
• Identified activities and phases involved in SDLC.
• Identified tools, techniques, and activities of system analysis.
• Identified components, stages, and types of system design.
• Identified data modeling techniques.
• Identified different types of advanced system design modeling.
• Identified system implementation procedures.
• Identified current trends in system development.

Learning Outcomes

List of Learning Outcomes

• Understand System Analysis and Design Fundamentals
• Understand Approaches to system Development and Project planning.
• Perform System Analysis
• Identify Essentials of System Design
• Understand advanced Design Concepts
• Perform System Implementation
• Understand Current Trends in System Development

Learning Outcome 1: Understand System Analysis and Design Fundamentals

Learning Activities

• Definition of system, system design, and system analysis.
• Identify constraints of a system.
• Identify properties of a system.
• Identify elements of a system.
• Classification of systems.
• Identify types of Information systems.
• Identify system models.
• Identify categories of Information.

Knowledge to Demonstrate

• Define system, system design, and system analysis.
• System Constraints:
  • Interconnectivity.
  • Objectives of organization.
• Properties of a system:
  • Organization.
  • Interaction.
  • Interdependence.
  • Integration.
• Elements of a system:
  • Control.
  • Input.
  • Process.
  • Output.
• Classification of systems.
• Types of Information systems:
  • Physical.
  • Open or closed.
  • Adaptive and non-adaptive.
  • Permanent and temporary.
• System models:
  • Schematic.
  • Flow system.
  • Static system.
  • Dynamic system.
• Categories of Information:
  • Strategic.
  • Management.
  • Operational.

Information Sheet

• Systems analysis is effective when all sides of the problem are reviewed.

• Systems design is most effective when more than one solution can be proposed.

• Plans for the care and feeding of a new system are important as the problems they solve.

• Interconnectivity:

  • Concept used in cybernetics, network theory, and non-linear dynamics.
  • Parts of a system interact and rely on each other.
  • System is difficult to analyze through individual parts alone.

• Organizational objectives:

  • Short-term and medium-term goals of an organization.
  • Plays a role in developing organizational policies and resource allocation.

• System elements:

  • Input: Data the system receives to produce output.
  • Output: What goes out from the system after processing.
  • Control: Monitors and controls input, processing, and output.
  • Processing: Transforms input into output.

• System Classification:

  • Liner and Non-liner Systems
  • Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
  • Liner Time variant and Liner Time invariant systems
  • Static and Dynamic Systems
  • Causal and Non-causal Systems
  • Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
  • Stable and Unstable Systems

• Schematic Diagram:

  • Representation of system elements using abstract, graphic symbols.

• Static Systems:

  • Output depends only on the present value of the input.
  • Physically reliable.

• Dynamic Systems:

  • Output depends on present and past values of the input.
  • Not physically reliable.

Self-Assessment

• What are the elements of a system? Explain each.
• What is the difference between a static and dynamic system?
• Interconnectivity is a concept that is used in numerous fields such as cybernetics, network theory, and non-linear dynamics.
• A system has three basic elements: Input, Processing, Output.
• Static systems are those whose output depends on the only present value of the input. Static systems are the physically reliable system.

Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials

• Computer, Software, Mobile phone, Tablet

Learning Outcome 2: Understand Approaches to System Development and Project Planning Environment

Learning Activities

• Identify system development approaches.
• Identify system development methodologies.
• Identify system development life cycle models.
• Identify activities involved in SDLC.
• Identify SDLC phases.
• Identify project planning concepts.

Knowledge to Demonstrate

• System development approaches.
• System development methodologies.
• System development life cycle models.
• Activities involved in SDLC.
• SDLC phases.
• Project planning concepts.

Information Sheet

• Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
  • Process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.
  • Applies to hardware and software configurations.
  • Stages: analysis, design, development and testing, implementation, documentation, and evaluation.
  • Includes activities like budgets, requirements gathering, and documentation writing.
  • Begins with determining customer business needs, followed by implementation and testing.

Self-Assessment

• What is SDLC?
• List the approaches in SDLC.
• SDLC stands for: Systems Development Life Cycle
• How is the component of maintenance incorporated in the SDLC model?

Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials

• Data Dictionary, Decision Trees, Decision Tables, software, computer

Learning Outcome 3: Perform System Analysis

Learning Activities

• Overview of system analysis.
• Identify attributes of structured analysis.
• Identify tools and techniques of system analysis.
• Identify activities performed during System analysis.

Knowledge to Demonstrate

• Overview of system Analysis.
• Role of a system Analyst.
• Attributes of structured analysis:
  • Graphic, Logical, Process division.
  • High level to lower-level approach.
• Tools for system analysis:
  • Data Flow Diagrams, Data Dictionary, Decision Trees, Decision Tables, Structured English, Pseudocode.
• Activities performed during System analysis:
  • Gather detailed Information.
  • Define requirements.
  • Prioritize requirements.
  • Develop user-interface dialogs.
  • Evaluate requirement with users.
  • Define functional requirements.

Information Sheet

• Systems Analysis:
  • Collecting and interpreting facts, identifying problems, and decomposition of a system into its components.
  • Purpose is to study a system or its parts to identify its objectives.
• Systems Analyst:
  • Uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.
  • Serves as change agents, identifies improvements, designs systems, and trains others.
• Structured Analysis:
  • Development method to understand the system and its activities in a logical way.
  • Graphic: Specifies the presentation of application.
  • Divides processes clearly.
  • Logical rather than physical.
  • Works from high-level overviews to lower-level details.
• Tools and Techniques:
  • Data Flow Diagrams
  • Data Dictionary
  • Decision Trees
  • Decision Tables
  • Structured English
  • Pseudocode

Self-Assessment

• Define system analysis?
• What is system analyst?
• Explain structure analysis tools?
• Systems Analysis is the process of understanding and specifying in detail what the information system should accomplish.
• A Systems Analyst is a IT professional who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology
• A(n) Adaptive Approach to the SDLC is used when the exact requirements of a system or the users’ needs are not well understood
• A(n) Model is a representation of an important aspect of the real world.

Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials

• Data Flow Diagrams, Decision Tables, Data Dictionary, Decision Trees

Learning Outcome 4: Identify Essentials of System Design

Learning Activities

• Design with Software specification requirements (SRS) document.
• Identify components of system design.
• Identify inputs and outputs of System Design.
• Identify stages of system design.
• Identify types of system design.
• Identify data modeling techniques.

Knowledge to Demonstrate

• Design with Software specification requirements (SRS) document.
• Components of system design:
  • Quality, Timeliness, Cost-Effectiveness, Inputs.
• Inputs:
  • Statement of work, Requirement determination plan, Current situation analysis.
• Proposed system requirements including a conceptual data model, modified DFDs, and Metadata (data about data), Outputs
• Outputs:
  • Infrastructure and organizational changes for the proposed system.
  • A data schema, often a relational schema.
  • Metadata to define the tables/files and columns/data-items.
  • A function hierarchy diagram or web page map that graphically describes the program structure.
  • Actual or pseudocode for each module in the program.
  • A prototype for the proposed system.
• Stages of system design:
  • Requirements determination, Requirements specifications, Feasibility Analysis, Final Specifications, Hardware study, System Design.
• Types of system design:
  • Logical, Physical, Architectural, Detailed.
• Data Modeling techniques:
  • Conceptual, Relational, Object Oriented.

Information Sheet

• Software Requirements Specification (SRS):
  • Document describing the nature of a project, software, or application.
  • Manual of a project prepared before starting.
• Components of System Design:
  • Quality
  • Timeliness
  • Cost-Effectiveness
• Inputs and Outputs:
  • Input: Information entering the system for processing.
  • Output: Outcome of processing.
• Types of Systems:
  • Physical: Static or dynamic (e.g., desks are static, programmed computer is dynamic).
• Data Modeling:
  • Conceptual: Technology-independent specifications for discussing initial requirements.
  • Relational: Data sorted into tables with columns and rows.
  • Object-Oriented: Database as a collection of reusable software elements.

Self-Assessment

• Data modeling is the process of creating a data model for the data to be stored in a Database.
• Explain briefly software requirements specification?
• Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks and chairs are the physical parts of computer center, which are static.
• The Unified Process is an object-oriented system development methodology offered by IBM’s Rational Software.

Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials

• Computer, Dataflow Diagrams, Data dictionary

Learning Outcome 5: Understand Advanced Design Concepts

Learning Activities

• Identify types of Advance Design modeling.
• Identify File Organization and access methods.
• Identify Design strategies.
• Identify System design Security and control measures.
• Identify Structured Design concepts.

Knowledge to Demonstrate

• Types of Advance Design modeling
• File Organization Methods:
  • Serial, Sequential, Direct, Indexed
• File access methods:
  • Sequential, Direct
• System security Control:
  • Privacy, Integrity
• System Control Measures:
  • Backup, Physical Access, Logical
• Structured Design Concepts:
  • Input, Output, User interface, Modularization

Information Sheet

• Data Modeling Techniques:
  • Entity Relationship (E-R) Model
  • UML (Unified Modeling Language)
• File Organization:
  • Determines methods of access, efficiency, flexibility, and storage devices.
• File Access Methods:
  • Sequential Access: Information processed in order, one record after another.
  • Direct Access: Allows reading and writing records rapidly in no particular order.
• Security Controls:
  • Safeguards or countermeasures to avoid, detect, counteract, or minimize security risks.
• Integrity Models:
  • Keep data pure and trustworthy by protecting system data from intentional or accidental changes.
  • Goals: Prevent unauthorized modifications, prevent improper modifications, maintain consistency.
• Access Control:
  • Regulates who can view or use resources.
  • Physical access control: Limits access to physical assets.
  • Logical access control: Limits connections to networks, files, and data.

Self-Assessment

• What is integrity model?
• What is file organizing?
• Differentiate file organizing and file control methods?
• What are the difference between direct access and sequential access?
• The types of Data Modeling techniques are: Entity Relationship Model and Unified Modeling Language
• Sequential Access is the simplest access method. Information in the file is processed in order, one record after the other.
• Integrity models keep data pure and trustworthy by protecting system data from intentional or accidental changes.
• File organization is very important because it determines the methods of access, efficiency, flexibility and storage devices to use.

Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials

• Computer, Software, Data flow Diagrams, Structure english

Learning Outcome 6: Perform System Implementation

Learning Activities

• Identify System implementation procedures.
• Identify Types of the system testing.
• Identify Deployment procedures of the system.

Knowledge to Demonstrate

• System implementation procedures:
  • Program Development, Quality Assurance, Data Conversion
• Types of the system testing:
  • Software, Unit, Integration, Usability
• Deployment procedures of the system:
  • Installation, Documentation, Training, Maintenance

Information Sheet

• Program Development:
  • Formulating, improving, and expanding work plans.
• Quality Assurance:
  • Defines quality standards for the project.
• Data Conversion:
  • Translating data from one format to another.

Self-Assessment

• What is program development?
• What is data conversion?
• In the implementation phase of System Analysis and Design, following are included: All of these
• System Implementation is necessary because: All of the above
• Which of the following is/are true about Close-out review or Post-implementation review? All of these
• Unit implementation of software does not involve: All of the above

Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials

• Data dictionary, Software, Computer

Learning Outcome 7: Understand Current Trends in System Development

Learning Activities

• Identify Frameworks, components, and services.
• Understand Model-driven architecture.
• Understand Adaptive methodologies to development.
• Identify Software principles and practices.

Knowledge to Demonstrate

• Frameworks, components, and services are identified
• Object Frameworks
• Component standards and infrastructure
• Service Standards
• Model driven architecture is understood:
  • MDA Approach, MDA tools
• Adaptive methodologies to development are understood:
  • Agile Software Development
• Software principles and practices are identified
  • Abstraction, Models and Modeling, Patterns, Reuse methodologies

Information Sheet

• Framework:
  • Set of components working together to address problems in one or more domains.
• Object-Oriented (OO) Application Frameworks:
  • Reduce cost and improve software quality.
• Model-Driven Architecture (MDA):
  • Focus on models to work with systems.
  • MDA tool: Develop, interpret, compare, align, measure, verify, transform.
• Agile Software Development:
  • Based on iterative development and collaboration.
• Abstraction:
  • Representing essential features without background details.
• Software Models:
  • Ways of expressing a software design using abstract language or pictures (e.g., UML).

Self-Assessment

• What model-driven architecture?
• A framework is a set of components working together so they address a number of problems in one or more domains.
• Agile Software Development is based on: Both Incremental and Iterative Development
• Which on of the following is not an agile method? 4GT
• Agility is defined as the ability of a project team to respond rapidly to a change. True

Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials

• Computer, software