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System Analysis and Design Flashcards

System Analysis and Design

Introduction

  • This unit covers competencies required to develop computer programs.
  • It involves understanding:
    • System Analysis and Design fundamentals.
    • Approaches to system development and project planning.
    • Performing System Analysis.
    • Identifying Essentials of System Design.
    • Understanding advanced design concepts.
    • Performing system implementation.
    • Understanding Current Trends in System Development.

Performance Report

  • Design should differentiate between system analysis and design.
  • Identified activities and phases involved in SDLC.
  • Identified tools, techniques, and activities of system analysis.
  • Identified components, stages, and types of system design.
  • Identified data modeling techniques.
  • Identified different types of advanced system design modeling.
  • Identified system implementation procedures.
  • Identified current trends in system development.

Learning Outcomes

List of Learning Outcomes

  • Understand System Analysis and Design Fundamentals
  • Understand Approaches to system Development and Project planning.
  • Perform System Analysis
  • Identify Essentials of System Design
  • Understand advanced Design Concepts
  • Perform System Implementation
  • Understand Current Trends in System Development

Learning Outcome 1: Understand System Analysis and Design Fundamentals

Learning Activities
  • Definition of system, system design, and system analysis.
  • Identify constraints of a system.
  • Identify properties of a system.
  • Identify elements of a system.
  • Classification of systems.
  • Identify types of Information systems.
  • Identify system models.
  • Identify categories of Information.
Knowledge to Demonstrate
  • Define system, system design, and system analysis.
  • System Constraints:
    • Interconnectivity.
    • Objectives of organization.
  • Properties of a system:
    • Organization.
    • Interaction.
    • Interdependence.
    • Integration.
  • Elements of a system:
    • Control.
    • Input.
    • Process.
    • Output.
  • Classification of systems.
  • Types of Information systems:
    • Physical.
    • Open or closed.
    • Adaptive and non-adaptive.
    • Permanent and temporary.
  • System models:
    • Schematic.
    • Flow system.
    • Static system.
    • Dynamic system.
  • Categories of Information:
    • Strategic.
    • Management.
    • Operational.
Information Sheet

  • Systems analysis is effective when all sides of the problem are reviewed.

  • Systems design is most effective when more than one solution can be proposed.

  • Plans for the care and feeding of a new system are important as the problems they solve.

  • Interconnectivity:

    • Concept used in cybernetics, network theory, and non-linear dynamics.
    • Parts of a system interact and rely on each other.
    • System is difficult to analyze through individual parts alone.

  • Organizational objectives:

    • Short-term and medium-term goals of an organization.
    • Plays a role in developing organizational policies and resource allocation.

  • System elements:

    • Input: Data the system receives to produce output.
    • Output: What goes out from the system after processing.
    • Control: Monitors and controls input, processing, and output.
    • Processing: Transforms input into output.

  • System Classification:

    • Liner and Non-liner Systems
    • Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
    • Liner Time variant and Liner Time invariant systems
    • Static and Dynamic Systems
    • Causal and Non-causal Systems
    • Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
    • Stable and Unstable Systems

  • Schematic Diagram:

    • Representation of system elements using abstract, graphic symbols.

  • Static Systems:

    • Output depends only on the present value of the input.
    • Physically reliable.

  • Dynamic Systems:

    • Output depends on present and past values of the input.
    • Not physically reliable.
Self-Assessment
  • What are the elements of a system? Explain each.
  • What is the difference between a static and dynamic system?
  • Interconnectivity is a concept that is used in numerous fields such as cybernetics, network theory, and non-linear dynamics.
  • A system has three basic elements: Input, Processing, Output.
  • Static systems are those whose output depends on the only present value of the input. Static systems are the physically reliable system.
Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials
  • Computer, Software, Mobile phone, Tablet

Learning Outcome 2: Understand Approaches to System Development and Project Planning Environment

Learning Activities
  • Identify system development approaches.
  • Identify system development methodologies.
  • Identify system development life cycle models.
  • Identify activities involved in SDLC.
  • Identify SDLC phases.
  • Identify project planning concepts.
Knowledge to Demonstrate
  • System development approaches.
  • System development methodologies.
  • System development life cycle models.
  • Activities involved in SDLC.
  • SDLC phases.
  • Project planning concepts.
Information Sheet
  • Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC):
    • Process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.
    • Applies to hardware and software configurations.
    • Stages: analysis, design, development and testing, implementation, documentation, and evaluation.
    • Includes activities like budgets, requirements gathering, and documentation writing.
    • Begins with determining customer business needs, followed by implementation and testing.
Self-Assessment
  • What is SDLC?
  • List the approaches in SDLC.
  • SDLC stands for: Systems Development Life Cycle
  • How is the component of maintenance incorporated in the SDLC model?
Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials
  • Data Dictionary, Decision Trees, Decision Tables, software, computer

Learning Outcome 3: Perform System Analysis

Learning Activities
  • Overview of system analysis.
  • Identify attributes of structured analysis.
  • Identify tools and techniques of system analysis.
  • Identify activities performed during System analysis.
Knowledge to Demonstrate
  • Overview of system Analysis.
  • Role of a system Analyst.
  • Attributes of structured analysis:
    • Graphic, Logical, Process division.
    • High level to lower-level approach.
  • Tools for system analysis:
    • Data Flow Diagrams, Data Dictionary, Decision Trees, Decision Tables, Structured English, Pseudocode.
  • Activities performed during System analysis:
    • Gather detailed Information.
    • Define requirements.
    • Prioritize requirements.
    • Develop user-interface dialogs.
    • Evaluate requirement with users.
    • Define functional requirements.
Information Sheet
  • Systems Analysis:
    • Collecting and interpreting facts, identifying problems, and decomposition of a system into its components.
    • Purpose is to study a system or its parts to identify its objectives.
  • Systems Analyst:
    • Uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology.
    • Serves as change agents, identifies improvements, designs systems, and trains others.
  • Structured Analysis:
    • Development method to understand the system and its activities in a logical way.
    • Graphic: Specifies the presentation of application.
    • Divides processes clearly.
    • Logical rather than physical.
    • Works from high-level overviews to lower-level details.
  • Tools and Techniques:
    • Data Flow Diagrams
    • Data Dictionary
    • Decision Trees
    • Decision Tables
    • Structured English
    • Pseudocode
Self-Assessment
  • Define system analysis?
  • What is system analyst?
  • Explain structure analysis tools?
  • Systems Analysis is the process of understanding and specifying in detail what the information system should accomplish.
  • A Systems Analyst is a IT professional who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology
  • A(n) Adaptive Approach to the SDLC is used when the exact requirements of a system or the users’ needs are not well understood
  • A(n) Model is a representation of an important aspect of the real world.
Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials
  • Data Flow Diagrams, Decision Tables, Data Dictionary, Decision Trees

Learning Outcome 4: Identify Essentials of System Design

Learning Activities
  • Design with Software specification requirements (SRS) document.
  • Identify components of system design.
  • Identify inputs and outputs of System Design.
  • Identify stages of system design.
  • Identify types of system design.
  • Identify data modeling techniques.
Knowledge to Demonstrate
  • Design with Software specification requirements (SRS) document.
  • Components of system design:
    • Quality, Timeliness, Cost-Effectiveness, Inputs.
  • Inputs:
    • Statement of work, Requirement determination plan, Current situation analysis.
  • Proposed system requirements including a conceptual data model, modified DFDs, and Metadata (data about data), Outputs
  • Outputs:
    • Infrastructure and organizational changes for the proposed system.
    • A data schema, often a relational schema.
    • Metadata to define the tables/files and columns/data-items.
    • A function hierarchy diagram or web page map that graphically describes the program structure.
    • Actual or pseudocode for each module in the program.
    • A prototype for the proposed system.
  • Stages of system design:
    • Requirements determination, Requirements specifications, Feasibility Analysis, Final Specifications, Hardware study, System Design.
  • Types of system design:
    • Logical, Physical, Architectural, Detailed.
  • Data Modeling techniques:
    • Conceptual, Relational, Object Oriented.
Information Sheet
  • Software Requirements Specification (SRS):
    • Document describing the nature of a project, software, or application.
    • Manual of a project prepared before starting.
  • Components of System Design:
    • Quality
    • Timeliness
    • Cost-Effectiveness
  • Inputs and Outputs:
    • Input: Information entering the system for processing.
    • Output: Outcome of processing.
  • Types of Systems:
    • Physical: Static or dynamic (e.g., desks are static, programmed computer is dynamic).
  • Data Modeling:
    • Conceptual: Technology-independent specifications for discussing initial requirements.
    • Relational: Data sorted into tables with columns and rows.
    • Object-Oriented: Database as a collection of reusable software elements.
Self-Assessment
  • Data modeling is the process of creating a data model for the data to be stored in a Database.
  • Explain briefly software requirements specification?
  • Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks and chairs are the physical parts of computer center, which are static.
  • The Unified Process is an object-oriented system development methodology offered by IBM’s Rational Software.
Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials
  • Computer, Dataflow Diagrams, Data dictionary

Learning Outcome 5: Understand Advanced Design Concepts

Learning Activities
  • Identify types of Advance Design modeling.
  • Identify File Organization and access methods.
  • Identify Design strategies.
  • Identify System design Security and control measures.
  • Identify Structured Design concepts.
Knowledge to Demonstrate
  • Types of Advance Design modeling
  • File Organization Methods:
    • Serial, Sequential, Direct, Indexed
  • File access methods:
    • Sequential, Direct
  • System security Control:
    • Privacy, Integrity
  • System Control Measures:
    • Backup, Physical Access, Logical
  • Structured Design Concepts:
    • Input, Output, User interface, Modularization
Information Sheet
  • Data Modeling Techniques:
    • Entity Relationship (E-R) Model
    • UML (Unified Modeling Language)
  • File Organization:
    • Determines methods of access, efficiency, flexibility, and storage devices.
  • File Access Methods:
    • Sequential Access: Information processed in order, one record after another.
    • Direct Access: Allows reading and writing records rapidly in no particular order.
  • Security Controls:
    • Safeguards or countermeasures to avoid, detect, counteract, or minimize security risks.
  • Integrity Models:
    • Keep data pure and trustworthy by protecting system data from intentional or accidental changes.
    • Goals: Prevent unauthorized modifications, prevent improper modifications, maintain consistency.
  • Access Control:
    • Regulates who can view or use resources.
    • Physical access control: Limits access to physical assets.
    • Logical access control: Limits connections to networks, files, and data.
Self-Assessment
  • What is integrity model?
  • What is file organizing?
  • Differentiate file organizing and file control methods?
  • What are the difference between direct access and sequential access?
  • The types of Data Modeling techniques are: Entity Relationship Model and Unified Modeling Language
  • Sequential Access is the simplest access method. Information in the file is processed in order, one record after the other.
  • Integrity models keep data pure and trustworthy by protecting system data from intentional or accidental changes.
  • File organization is very important because it determines the methods of access, efficiency, flexibility and storage devices to use.
Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials
  • Computer, Software, Data flow Diagrams, Structure english

Learning Outcome 6: Perform System Implementation

Learning Activities
  • Identify System implementation procedures.
  • Identify Types of the system testing.
  • Identify Deployment procedures of the system.
Knowledge to Demonstrate
  • System implementation procedures:
    • Program Development, Quality Assurance, Data Conversion
  • Types of the system testing:
    • Software, Unit, Integration, Usability
  • Deployment procedures of the system:
    • Installation, Documentation, Training, Maintenance
Information Sheet
  • Program Development:
    • Formulating, improving, and expanding work plans.
  • Quality Assurance:
    • Defines quality standards for the project.
  • Data Conversion:
    • Translating data from one format to another.
Self-Assessment
  • What is program development?
  • What is data conversion?
  • In the implementation phase of System Analysis and Design, following are included: All of these
  • System Implementation is necessary because: All of the above
  • Which of the following is/are true about Close-out review or Post-implementation review? All of these
  • Unit implementation of software does not involve: All of the above
Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials
  • Data dictionary, Software, Computer

Learning Outcome 7: Understand Current Trends in System Development

Learning Activities
  • Identify Frameworks, components, and services.
  • Understand Model-driven architecture.
  • Understand Adaptive methodologies to development.
  • Identify Software principles and practices.
Knowledge to Demonstrate
  • Frameworks, components, and services are identified
  • Object Frameworks
  • Component standards and infrastructure
  • Service Standards
  • Model driven architecture is understood:
    • MDA Approach, MDA tools
  • Adaptive methodologies to development are understood:
    • Agile Software Development
  • Software principles and practices are identified
    • Abstraction, Models and Modeling, Patterns, Reuse methodologies
Information Sheet
  • Framework:
    • Set of components working together to address problems in one or more domains.
  • Object-Oriented (OO) Application Frameworks:
    • Reduce cost and improve software quality.
  • Model-Driven Architecture (MDA):
    • Focus on models to work with systems.
    • MDA tool: Develop, interpret, compare, align, measure, verify, transform.
  • Agile Software Development:
    • Based on iterative development and collaboration.
  • Abstraction:
    • Representing essential features without background details.
  • Software Models:
    • Ways of expressing a software design using abstract language or pictures (e.g., UML).
Self-Assessment
  • What model-driven architecture?
  • A framework is a set of components working together so they address a number of problems in one or more domains.
  • Agile Software Development is based on: Both Incremental and Iterative Development
  • Which on of the following is not an agile method? 4GT
  • Agility is defined as the ability of a project team to respond rapidly to a change. True
Tools, Equipment, Supplies, and Materials
  • Computer, software