Chapter 23 and 24 Vocabulary

1. %%Entropy%%- A measure of the dispersal of energy or disorder of a system. The system becomes energetically more stable when disordered.

2. %%System%%- The particular investigation (the reaction itself).

3. %%Surroundings%%- In enthalpy changes, anything other than the chemical reactants and products, for example the solvent, the test tube in which the reaction takes place, the air around the test tube.

4. %%Spontaneous Changes-%% Changes that tend to happen naturally continually.

5. %%Standard Molar Entropy%%- At standard conditions (p of 10^5 Pa, temp of 298K, and each substance involved in reaction is in its normal physical state) units are J*K^-1*mol^-1.

6. %%Feasibility%% (of reaction)- In entropy, whether or not the reaction will occur spontaneously.

7. %%Gibbs Free Energy%% (ig you could say how likely the rxn is going to Gibb us energy)- The energy change that takes into account both the entropy change of a reaction and enthalpy change; reactions are likely to be feasible if the value of the Gibbs free energy change of reaction is negative; the Gibbs free energy change of reaction is given by the relationship [delta]G[naught]=[delta]H[naught] - T[delta]S[naught].

8. %%Standard Molar Gibbs Free Energy of Formation%% ([delta]G[subscript f][naught])- The free energy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of compound from its elements in their standard states; units KJ/mol.

9. %%Standard Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction%% ([delta]G[naught]=[delta]H[naught] --T[delta]S[naught], T is in K not celsius, the Gibbs free energy change when the amount of the reactants in the stoichiometric equation react to give products (must be standard so 298K, 10^5 Pa, reactants in normal states).

   Chapter 24 (metals! 🚄)

   10. %%Transition Element%%- A d-block element that forms one or more stable ions with an incomplete d sub shell.
   11. %%Variable Oxidation State%%- A property of transition elements, the ability to form more than one ion.
   12. %%Ligand%% - A molecule or ion with one or more lone pairs of electrons available to donate to a transition metal ion.
   13. %%Complex (ion)%%- A central transition metal ion surrounded by ligands.
   14. %%Co-ordinate Number%% - The number of co-ordinate (dative) bonds formed by ligands to the central transition metal ion in a complex.
   15. %%Bidentate%% 🦷🦷(ligands)- Ligands that can form two co-ordinate bonds from each ion or molecule to the central transition metal ion, for example water (the Mickey Mouse ears, or whatever you call them).
   16. %%Monodentate%% 🦷(ligands)- Ligands that can only form one co-ordinate bond from each ion or molecule to the central transition metal ion, such as ammonia.
   17. %%Stereoisomers%%- Compounds whose molecules have the same atoms bonded to each other but with different arrangements of the atoms in space.
   18. %%Geometric Isomers%%- Complexes with the same molecular formulas but different geometrical arrangements of their atoms (same thing as stereo).
   19. %%Optical isomers%%- Two compounds which contain the same number and kinds of atoms, bonds, and different spatial arrangements of the atoms, but which have non-superimposable mirror images (and can’t be rotated b/c the molecules around complex twist, so they still look different even when rotated).
   20. %%Stability Constant%% (K[stab 🔪])- The equilibrium constant for the formation of the complex ion in a solvent from its constituent ions or molecules.
   21. %%Degenerate%% 😔 (orbitals)- Atomic orbitals at the same energy level.
   22. %%Non%%- %%degenerate%% 😃 (orbitals)- Atomic orbitals that have been split to occupy slightly different energy levels.

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