Intro to A&P

Anantomy-study of the structure of an organism

Physicology-the study of the function of the living organism and its part including the chemical process involved

Why A and P-To understand and treat a disorder, we must have a working knowledge of how parts of the body function and how they work together to achieve a specific goal. 

Our knowledge and understanding of A&P directly affects our evaluation, diagnostic, and treatment abilities.

-deepely evaluate patient so you can use the correct treatemnt instead of  harm

-terminology Allows us to communicate relevant information concerning the location and orientation of various body parts and organs.

Terms of Orientation: Anatomic Position-

Standing Erect

Facing Forward

Arms along the body

Palms forward

Feet straight ahead

Anatomic Position: Assumed position of reference when using directional terms to describe position or direction of body structures. 

Other positions-prone-lying on belly and supine-lying on back

Concept of Axis-midline from which other structures arise. 

Axial Skeleton: head and trunk with spinal column being the axis

Appendicular skeleton: lower and upper limbs

Neuroaxis: axis of the brain– not as straightforward due to morphological changes of the brain during development.-bend in the imaginary line when the line gets to the brain/head

Dorsal-towards the back(dogs back is up)

Posterior-behind back

Ventral-towards belly/forward (dogs belly is down)

Anterior: front surface of a body; synonymous with ventral for the standing human

Posterior: “toward the back”; synonymous with dorsal for the standing human. 

 Superior: above, farther away from the ground; near the head; may sometimes be used to refer to the actual present position of the body vs anatomical positions

 Inferior: below; closer to the ground

Cranial: near the head

Caudal: near the feet; often used in this context when referring to an embryo.(moving towards the tail/away from the head) 

Rostral-towards the head or near head

Lateral: used to describe orientation of a structure relative to another structure and subsequently disregards the anatomical positon. Related to the side; ipsilateral and contralateral 

Medial: toward the median plane/midline

Distal: away from the midline (i.e., aspect of an appendicular structure—arms and legs)-point of attatchemnt

Proximal:; toward the root or attachment point of the structure-arms and legs-point of attachment

Superficial: structure confined to the surface; on or near the surface.-skin

Deep: structure is close to the axis of the body; one organ is “deep to another”-blood

External/Internal: generally reserved for cavities within the body. 

Peripheral: relative to the periphery or away from the center

Basal: pertaining to the bottom or base

Flexion: bending

Extension: to stretch out

Inversion: to turn in

Eversion: to turn out; away from median plane

Abduction: to open; move away 

Adduction: to close; move towards-bring together