Mood disorders

Helplessness and Hopelessness Theories of Depression

• Learned helplessness

Bipolar Disorders

• manic phase

• depressed phase

• seasonal patter

• rapid cycling

• high relapse rate

Bipolar I disorder

• at least one full-blown manic episode

Bipolar II disorder

• phase with hypomanic symptoms (no impairment of functioning) and phase with major depressive symptoms

Cyclothymic disorder

• phase WITH hypomanic symptoms and phase with depressive symptoms that are not sufficient to meet the criteria of major depression. Persistent for at least 2 years

New DSM-5

• Bipolar and related disorders due to another medical condition

• other specified bipolar and related disorders

• unspecified bipolar and related disorders

• schizoaffective disorder is now grouped with disorders

Causal factors

biological

• hereditary

  • families show high concordance rates for bipolar disorder

  • identical twins have a 69% concordance rate versus only a 19% concordance rate for fraternal twins

  • only schizophrenia demonstrates such a high concordance rate

  • adopted children and natural parents are more likely

Biochemical factors

sociocultural differences

• cross-cultural

• depressive disorders are much more common in the US

• rates of bipolar disorder is relatively similar across cultures

interpersonal effects of mood disorders

• lack of social support and social skills deficits

• the effects of depression on others

• marriage and family

Treatments and outcomes

Pharmacotherapy

• SSRIs

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

• lithium and other mood-stabilizing drugs

• antipsychotic drugs

Suicide

Risk factors in adolescent suicide

• Previous suicide attempt

• history of a prior or ongoing psychiatric disorder

• history of sexual or physical abuse

• history or exposure to violent behavior

• family history of suicidal behavior or mood disorder

• biological factors, including male sex and lgbt and sexual orientation

• substance abuse

• firearms

• stress

• emotional factors

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