cog psych 1

Acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge? cognition Theoretical orientation that emphasizes people’s thought process and their knowledge? cognitive approach what did aristotle start with? importance of empirical evidence what did wilhelm wundt establish as a concept? introspection what did hermann ebbingaus establish? remembering syllables what did mary whitton calkins establish? recency effect what did william james establish? principle of psychology and tip of the tongue phenomenon what is the gestalt approach? the whole is greater than the sum of its parts what did wolfgang kohler do? study chimpanzees and how they solved problems what did john b watson do? the little albert experiment and classical conditioning what did bf skinner do? operational definition and operant conditioning what did frederic bartlett do? how peple remember information our human memory is? active and constructive when did the cognitive revolution start? 1956 the cognitive revolution started because of? disappointment with the behaviorist approach what did jean piaget look into? children's thought process what did noam chomsky look into? limguisytics what did ulrich neisser do? cognitive psychology what is the neural network approach? processing data through interconnected nodes or neurons in a layered structure what is the cerebral cortex? ourter layer on top of the cerebrum what was pavlov's initial research interest? physiology of digestion what is the classical conditioning paradigm? UCR = UCR, NS = nothing, UCS + NS = UCR, CS = CR timing and magnitude? potentiometer

CR is more attuned to CS or US? CS sign tracking theory?Animals tend to orient themselves toward, approach, and explore any stimuli that are good predictors of important events (e.g., delivery of food) s-r association? connection between stimulus and response s-s association? connection between cs centers and the us center which activate the response center who made an experiment on this and when? rescorla in 1973 what did the experiment yield? pairing 2 stimuli will not yield same amt of conditioning, cs is better as a signal that predicts us what is supported? s-s position acquisition phase is? period in the learning process when an individual is learning a new behavior extinction is? CS without the US, leading to the eventual disappearance of the CR spontaneous recovery is? Reappearance of a response that has undergone extinction after a passage of time without further conditioning trials disinhibition is? Reappearance of a CR to a stimulus that has undergone extinction when a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the extinguished stimulus conditioned inhibition is? conditioned stimulus that prevents the occurrence of a conditioned response generalization is? Transfer of a learned response from one stimulus to another discrimination is? Learning to respond to one stimulus but not to another, similar stimulus

things in behavior therapy? desensitization for phobias, vr therapy for fears. counterconditioing for alcoholism, treatment of nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting trace conditioning? the longer the delay, conditioning declines backward conditioning? poor excitatory but strong inhibitory associations second order conditioning? CR is transferred from one stimulus to another by pairing a neutral stimulus with a previously conditioned stimulus what is the law of effect and by who? thorndike -- Responses followed by a pleasant or satisfying stimuli will be strengthened and occur more often how was thorndike's version of reinforcement done? cats solving a puzzle box through pulling a string measure of performance in thorndike's law of effect? escape latency reinforcement schedules? fixed-ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval gacha games are an example of what? variable interval what is the fastest to learn and takes the longest to be extinct? variable ratio classical vs operant conditioning? classical is through associations between stimuli, operant is learnign through consequences of behavior (voluntary) what are primary reinforcers? stimuli that are by their nature satisfying what are conditioner reinforcers? environmental stimuli that are not by nature satisfying but become so through associated with such unlearned or primary reinforcers what are generalized reinforcers? associated with more than one primary reinforcer who and when experiment on superstition? skinner 1948 pigeons what is a superstition? behavior that occurs because, by accident or coincidence, it has previously been followed by a reinforcer what is shaping? Procedure for teaching new behavior in which closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior are reinforced what are the three terms of three term contingency model in operant conditioning? behavior, consequence, and environmental context

what is skinner's concept? an organism's behavior is determined by both learning experiences and heredity what is discriminative stimulus? the context in which the responses occur what are response chains? Sequence of behaviors that must occur in a specific order with the primary reinforcer being delivered only after the final response of the sequence what is the difference in backward and forward chaining? forward: start with first step, backward: start with last step what is instinctive drift? behavior can drift away from the reinforced behaviors toward instinctive behaviors that occur when the animal is seeking the reinforcer who experimented on autoshaping and when and with what? brown and jenkins (1968) with pigeons what is autoshaping? reward comes irrespective of the behavior like classical conditioning who experimented on mechanical strengthening process and when? guthrie and horton in 1946 what is the stop action principle? Specific bodily position and the muscle movements occurring at the moment of reinforcement will have a higher probability of occurring