Uni 5

Nature - your genes

Nurture - your surroundings

Fertilization - when the egg meets the sperm to make the embryo

Genes - messages written in DNA that determine one's development

Chromosomes - part of the cells where the genes are started

How is sex determined? - A man will have a Y and an X chromosome and a woman has two X's

prenatal development periods - zygote, embryo, fetal

Prenatal Development: Zygote Period lasts how long? - fertilization-2 weeks

Zygote Period: Implantation - The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

Prenatal development: Embryo period lasts how long? - 2-9 weeks

Embryo Period: sexual differentiation - the process by which males and females develop distinct reproductive anatomy

What happens during the embryo period? - The embryo has rapid growth. We can begin to see where things are going to form

Embro Period: Female epigenesis - we all start as females

Embryo Period: Testosterone - Male sex hormone

Prenatal development: Fetal Period lasts for how long? - 9- 40 weeks

Fetal Period: gestation - growth process from conception to birth

Fetal Period: viability - Ability of the fetus to survive outside the womb

Fetal Period: premature birth - the birth of a baby before the 37th week of pregnancy

consequences of premature birth - -chronic health issues

-increased risk of SIDS

Needs/Tests for the mother - -folic acid

-sonogram/ultrasound

-amniocentesis/ CVS/ MaterniT21

-alphafetalprotein

Folic acid - prevents birth defects

sonogram/ultrasound - viewing an image inside the human body using sound waves

amniocentesis - a test to check if your baby has a genetic or chromosomal condition, such as Down's syndrome, Edwards' syndrome or Patau's syndrome

How is amniocentesis performed? - It involves removing and testing a small sample of cells from amniotic fluid

CVS (chorionic villus sampling) - a sample of the placenta is removed and tested for genetic or chromosomal condition

MaterniT21 - screens for certain chromosomal abnormalities that could affect your baby's health and development

alphafetoprotein - used to measure the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood of a pregnant person.

Teratogen - any factor that can cause a birth defect

Teratogen: Alcohol - -fetal alcohol syndrome; affecting the child's brain

-cognitive and emotional problems

-makes migration go too far

Teratogen: Radiation - -stops migration

-growth restriction

-impaired brain

-cancer

Teratogen: Nicotine - -affects growth

-risk of premature and still birth delivery

Teratogen: Accutane - -intellectual disability

-brain and heart defects

Teratogen: Thalidomide - -limb defects

teratogen: DES - -serious birth defects when taken in the first trimester of pregnancy during the formation of the fetal genitalia

Teratogen: Cocaine - premature size/weight,

withdrawal symptoms,

deformities

-the children caught up

Teratogen: Marijuana - -more behavioral problems

-mental problems

Teratogen: Rubella - German measles

-blindness

-development defects

-heart defects

Teratogen: Zika - -microcephaly; the baby's brain is small causing intellectual disability

Teratogen: Stress -

Teratogen: Lead - -reduced fetal growth

-born early or small

-learning and behavioral issues

Teratogen: Mercury - -enters from food chain (fish)

-brain damage

What can the fetus do: sensory perception - Conscious process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting data from the senses into meaningful information.

What can the fetus do: nonnutritive sucking - sucking fingers, thumb, pacifiers, or other objects for comfort

What can the fetus do: gustation - made amniotic fluid sweeter and the baby drank more

-fetuses can taste

What can the fetus do: hearing - fetuses can hear in the womb

anoxia - lack of oxygen from an infant

-causes brain damage

cesarean section - a surgical method of birth

Reflexes of the neonate: blinking - tests for vision

Reflexes of the neonate: Babinski - tests for vision

motor development - 2 months-raise head

2.8 months- roll over

4 months- sit with support

5.5 months- sit without support

7.6 months- pull self to stand

9.2 months- walking while holding onto funiture

10 months- creeping/crawling

11.5 months- stand alone

12.1 months- walk

Cortical behaviors -

Motor development: visual cliff - process to tell if a baby has a sense of depth

Motor development: precocious - advanced beyond one's age

Plasticity - the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Autism Spectrum Disorder - impaired social interaction, communication and behavior

Jean Piaget: schema - "files" that we use to organize our words

-it becomes more complicated as we get older

Jean Piaget: assimilation - adding to an existing schema

Jean Piaget: Accommodation - the process of changing existing schemas to fit new experiences

Jean Piaget Stages: Sensorimotor - Birth- 2 Years

-Thought displayed in action

Sensorimotor: mental representation - being able to picture something in your mind

Sensorimotor: Object permenanece - when an object is out of sight it does not exist

Jean Piaget Stages: Preoperational - 2 Years- 6/7 Years

-Development of language

Preoperational: lacks operations - They cannot yet grasp more complex concepts such as cause and effect, time, and comparison

Preoperational: symbolic representation - children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play.

Ex: A child's arms might become airplane wings as she zooms around the room

Preoperational: egocentrism - the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

Preoperational: Theory of mind - The understanding that people don't share the same thoughts and feelings as you do develop during childhood

Jean Piaget Stages: Concrete Operational - 6/7 Years- 12 Years

Manipulation of objects

Concrete Operational: ordering ranking - kids begin to organize and manipulate objects

Concrete Operational: conservation - the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Jean Piaget Stages: Formal Operational - 12+Years

Abstract reasoning, morals, and hypothetical thinking

Formal Operational: abstract reasoning - pondering a deeper meaning beyond the concrete and literal

Reflexes of the neonate: Moro - startle reflex

Reflexes of the neonate: rooting - touch

Reflexes of the neonate: stepping - motor skills

Reflexes of the neonate: tonic - sense of balance