All APUSH Key Terms

Unit 2:

Joint-stock company: a business owned by many investors to reduce individual risk and encourage investment– used to finance trade voyages more safely.

Roger Williams: Puritan minister. Believed that the individual’s conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority → Puritan conflict → banishment.

• Providence: him and his followers to start one of the first Baptist churches in America → religious freedom and gave American Indians rights ( paid them for land )

• Given a charter from the Parliament → Providence and Portsmouth made Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchinson: believed in antinomianism– individuals receive salvation through their faith alone, no requirement to follow traditional moral laws.

• Banished → founded Portsmouth → killed in American Indian uprising

Rhode Island: The colony that allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely. It recognized the rights of American Indians and paid them for the use of their land.

Quakers: Religious Society of Friends– group of Christians by son of Penn.

•  Radicals who believed that religious authority was found within each person and not in any outside source

• → sexual equality and rejection of violence & military service → persecution

Halfway Covenant: allowed partial membership rights to people not yet converted into the Puritan church and was used to maintain the church’s influence and membership if a conversion failed.

Jamestown: one of the first successful British colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America– served as starting points for the 13 colonies.

• Founded by the Virginia Company chartered by King James I.

• Swampy area along the James River = fatal dysentery and malaria outbreaks

• Men refused to hunt or farm, and conflicts between the natives cut off trade → settlers starved.

  • Captain John Smith: saved Jamestown its first five years.

• John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas: colony prospered with tobacco

Massachusetts Bay Colony: Created by Puritans in search of religious freedom– Boston was founded by John Winthrop.

Puritans: moderate dissenters who believed that the Anglican Church could be reformed. 

John Winthrop: Thousands of Puritans led by him: founded Boston, where religious and political conflict in England led to the Great Migration. 

• A movement that created mixtures of small towns and family farms that relied on commerce and agriculture.

Virginia House of Burgesses: the first representative assembly in America that guaranteed settlers the same rights as residents of England, including representation in lawmaking, dominated by elite planters.

Mayflower Compact: Decisions were made by the will of the majority– early form of self-gov. And rudimentary written constitution.

• Held town meetings to debate local decisions and hold elections– males of the Puritan Church were the only ones with voting rights.

Mercantilism: The economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined by how much more it exported than imported.

• Goal: enrich the parent country– raw materials provided to promote country’s industries

Triangular trade: A three way route connecting North America, Africa and Europe. An exchange of rum, sugarcane, and enslaved Africans in the Middle Passage.

Navigation Acts: Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial-built ships, operated only by English colonial crews.

• All goods imported into the colonies had to pass through England ports.

• Enumerated goods from the colonies could only be exported to England– Tobacco was the original enumerated good.

Sir Edmund Andros: Combined NY, NJ, and other New England colonies into the Dominion of New England.

Dominion of New England: Created to increase royal control over the colonies by combining them and doing away with representative assemblies

King Philip’s War: Wampanoag chief, Metacom (King Philip), resisted English on their land and united with southern New England tribes

• Mohegans and Pequots had a long-standing rivalry with them– supported the colonists → Metacom’s War

• Villages annihilated, tons of casualties, Metacom’s death, and end of most American Indian resistance in New England.

Bacon’s Rebellion: started with the dictatorship of Sir William Berkeley– antagonized small farmers and favored large planters.

• Nathaniel Bacon, an impoverished farmer, used grievances of western farmers to rebel against Berkeley’s government– Resented control by large planters in the Chesapeake area

  • Series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the frontier

• Bacon’s army gets defeated and collapses and Jamestown burns down

  • sharp class differences between the wealthy and landless or poor farmers

  • conflict on the frontiers between settlers and American Indians

  • colonial resistance to royal control

Headright system: Attempts to attract through offers of land– to immigrants paying for their own passage to plantation owners who paid for an immigrants passage

Middle Passage: the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean of slave trade which 10-15% of slaves died on.

Phillis Wheatley: a slave in Boston that published poems noteworthy both for her triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse.

Great Awakening:  a movement of fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses

Jonathan Edwards: best-known leaders of the Great Awakening– a Puritan minister from Massachusetts. 

• “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” sermon– God was angry with human sins, encouraged people to repent to be saved, and those who don't will suffer eternal damnation.

Subsistence farming: producing just enough for the family

Enlightenment: The European movement in literature and philosophy– believed that the past was a “dark” era of reliance towards tradition and God. The “light” of reason could solve humanity’s problems.

Town meetings: Where people would regularly meet to vote on public issues.

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Unit 3:

French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War: conflicts between the British and French, along with their Native American allies, over control of territory in North America– 1754- 1763.

Albany Plan of Union: A proposal by Benjamin Franklin during the French and Indian War that provided for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes from the colonies for their common defense– not adopted– political cartoon “Join or Die.”

Salutary Neglect: British policy of lax enforcement of trade laws and regulations in the American colonies, allowing for greater colonial freedom and self-government.

Peace of Paris 1763: Treaty that ended the French and Indian War, resulting in France ceding Canada and most of its territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain and giving Spain control of Louisiana.

Proclamation of 1763: British law that prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent conflicts with Native Americans and control westward expansion.

Pontiac’s Rebellion: Native American uprising in the Ohio River Valley following the French and Indian War, in response to British encroachment on Native American lands.

Stamp Act Congress: Meeting of colonial representatives in 1765 to protest the Stamp Act, which imposed taxes on paper goods– argued that only their own representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes

Sons and Daughters of Liberty: Colonial protest groups that organized boycotts, protests, and acts of resistance against British taxation and policies.

Intolerable Acts: a direct punishment to the Massachusetts and northern colony settlers by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party through a series of acts.

Stamp Act: British law passed in 1765 that imposed taxes on printed materials in the colonies, leading to widespread protests and resistance.

Tea Act: British law passed in 1773 that granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, leading to the Boston Tea Party.

Enlightenment: Intellectual movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, influencing political thought and inspiring revolutions.

Social Contract: protection of American settlers by the British government in exchange for protection of their natural rights 

Thomas Paine: Author of "Common Sense," a pamphlet published in 1776 that argued for American independence from Britain and inspired revolutionary sentiment.

First Continental Congress: Meeting of colonial delegates in 1774 to address grievances against British policies, leading to the adoption of boycotts and other measures.

Second Continental Congress (1775): Meeting of colonial delegates that convened after the outbreak of the American Revolution,  leading to the drafting of the Declaration of Independence.

Common Sense: Pamphlet by Thomas Paine advocating for American independence from Britain, widely circulated and influential in swaying public opinion towards revolution.

Declaration of Independence: Document adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1776, declaring the American colonies' independence from British rule and laying out a basis of natural rights in the government. 

Olive Branch Petition: Last-ditch effort by the Second Continental Congress to reconcile with Britain, affirming loyalty to the king while also asserting grievances against British policies.

Lexington and Concord: First battles of the American Revolution in 1775, marking the beginning of armed conflict between British troops and colonial militia.

Yorktown: Final major battle of the American Revolution in 1781, resulting in the surrender of British forces and effectively ending the war.

Treaty of Paris (1783): Treaty that ended the American Revolution, granting independence to the United States and establishing its borders.

Republican Motherhood: gave women a role in society by allowing them to teach republican virtues to their children in the home while acting as mothers, granting them a sense of civic responsibility. 

Abigail Adams: Wife of John Adams and early advocate for women's rights and education, known for her correspondence and influence on her husband's political career– “Remember the ladies!”

Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Legislation that established the process for admitting new states to the Union and prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory– set a precedent for future American federal governments. 

Articles of Confederation: America's first constitution, adopted in 1781, which established a weak central government and gave significant power to the states.

Shays’ Rebellion: Uprising of Massachusetts farmers in 1786-1787, protesting high taxes and economic injustices, and highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Federalists

• supporters of ratification

• Strong national government

• Wealthier, educated, influential artisans 

Anti-Federalist

• Oppositions of ratification

• Strong states’ rights

• Poor, low working class debtors

The Federalist Papers

• 84 essays written to persuade state delegates to vote for ratification of the constitution.

Constitutional Convention

• Called for the sole and express purpose of amending the Articles of Confederation

• created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and separation of powers

Federalism

• Division of powers between local, state, and national governments created a federal system of government

Separation of powers

• Division of powers between the three branches– legislative, executive, and judicial branches– to ensure power equality

Checks and balances

• Each branch’s ability to check or control another branch’s power

Congress

• The legislative branch that consists of a bicameral house– Senate and House of Representatives

Virginia Plan

• Large States Plan– the more people a state had, the more representatives it had

New Jersey Plan

• Small States Plan– each state has equal representation, regardless of its population

Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise

Senate

• Satisfies the demands of both plans by creating a bicameral legislature–

  • Senate: equal representation (NJ Plan)

  • House of Reps: amt. of representatives based on population (VA Plan)

Three-Fifths Compromise

• 3/5ths of slaves in a state would be counted for congressional representation and taxation

Commercial Compromise

• Congress could not tax a state’s exports on the condition that slavery would be abolished in 20 years (1808)

Electoral College System 

• Each state is assigned a number of electors equal to the total of that state’s representatives and senators.

Amendments

• A change in the constitution

Bill of Rights

• The first 10 amendments of the constitution that guaranteed civil rights and individual liberties

Alexander Hamilton

• Secretary of Treasury

• Proposed a Financial Plan to solve the national debt– opposed by Democratic-Republicans

James Madison

• Democratic-Republican delegate of the Constitutional Convention

• Father of the Constitution

• Loose constructionist

National Bank

• Created through Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• Used to deposit gov’t funds and printing banknotes

• Privately owned by the federal gov’t

Supreme Court

• Power to rule on the constitutionality of decisions made by state courts

Cabinet

• Washington’s chosen leaders of various executive departments

• Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State

• Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury

• Henry Knox, Secretary of War

Judiciary Act of 1789

• The judicial branch has the power of judicial review stating the constitutionality of laws.

Federalist Party

• A group of wealthier, upper class individuals who favored a strong national government and strict constructions. Its leaders were Pinckney, Adams, and Jay.

Democratic-Republican Party

• A group of poor, lower class individuals who favored states’ rights and loose constructions. Its leaders were Jefferson and Burr.

Two-term tradition

• Voted in or out after their first term

• Created after Washington backs out of the election for his second term

John Adams

• Creation of U.S. Navy and Marines

• Strengthening of the Supreme Court

• Country over party

• Establishment of the Library of Congress

• Peaceful Transition of Power

George Washington

• Creation of the Cabinet

• Enturality in Foreign Affairs

• Federal Court System

• Creation of the U.S. Army

• Two-term Presidency

• Foreign Treaties

• Establishment of the Capital

• Federal Financial System

• Farewell Address Warnings

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Washington’s announcement of his resignation as president for a third term. It encouraged national unity and cautioned against political parties and permanent foreign alliances.

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Deportation of foreigners and jailing of any critics of the president or Congress.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

• Kentucky Resolution written by Jefferson, and Virginia Resolution written by Madison

• Declared that the states had entered into a compact in forming the national gov’t

Public Land Act 1796

• Established a process for adding new states to the Union 

Proclamation of Neutrality 1793

• Washington declares that the nation would remain at peace with France and Britain

Jay Treaty of 1794

• Allowed for relations with Great Britain in trade if they moved out of the Northwest Territories

Pinckney Treaty of 1795

• Settlement of disputes with Spain

• Spain agreed to prevent natives’ raids on Florida’s border and recognize the right of American Ships to navigate MS and NO

XYZ Affair

• Three French agents identified only as X, Y, and Z, demanded bribes for the opportunity to speak

Right of deposit

• ability for Americans to transit cargoes to New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish gov’t

Indian Intercourse Act

• Placed the federal gov’t in control of all legal actions with natives

Battle of Fallen Timbers

• Natives successfully defeat gov’t troops in the Northwest Territory, so the gov’t sends a larger force, defeating the confederation.

Treaty of Greenville

• The Confederacy surrendered claims to Ohio and promised to open it up to settlement.

Eli Whitney

• Inventor of the cotton gin

Cotton gin

• Separated cotton fiber from the seeds

• Accelerated the profits of slavery, leading to further expansion in the South

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Unit 4:

Judicial review

• the power to deem actions or laws from the other two branches unconstitutional and thus void them.

Marbury v. Madison

• Established the power of judicial review to the Supreme Court

McCulloch v. Maryland

• Supreme Court declares that a federal institution cannot be taxed on the state level (1819) 

Gibbons v. Ogden

• Gave the federal government loose control over commerce on the state level (1821) 

John Marshall

• Federalist judge who continued to favor the federal government over the state’s rights and was responsible for many landmark cases in the early 19th century. 

Implied powers

• A loose constructionist interpretation of the constitution

Strict interpretation

• Strictly abiding to the words of the constitution

Louisiana Purchase

• The purchase of the Louisiana Territory and New Orleans for $15 million, doubling the size of the US, removed a European presence from the nation’s borders, and extended the western frontier to lands far beyond the Mississippi. However, it was interpreted as an action against Jefferson’s morals.

Sectionalism

• The issue of slavery dividing the states due to opposing beliefs. 

Era of Good Feelings

• The time period when Monroe was in office, where there was only one political party– the Democratic-Republican party– because the Federalist party had ended.

James Monroe

• Era of Good Feelings

• The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825)

  • His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819)

• Profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Henry Clay

• The Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state

• 1812 American system for economic growth

• Leader of the War Hawks– Democratic-Republicans

American System

• Protective tariffs– for American Industrialization and foster transportation system

• National banks– stable national currency

• Internal improvements– transportation system

Tariff of 1816

• A protective tariff placed on all imported goods had been in place before the War of 1812 

  • Raised significantly to protect American manufacturers from competition

Tallmadge Amendment

• The children of all Missourian enslaved people to be freed at the age of 25 to gradually ended slavery in the state 

  • Rejected by angry Southerners 

Second Bank of the United States

• Created from the American System to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the first bank went out of existence. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri becomes a slave state and Maine becomes a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states

Embargo Act 1807

• Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port.

  • Gave Britain an ultimatum– stop violating the rights of neutral nations or lose US trade.

  • Backfired to the US– led to a depression, New England’s withdrawal from the Union, and British prosperity

Nonintercourse Act 1809

• Americans could now trade with all nations except Britain and France

War hawks

• Democratic-Republicans from frontier states, eagerness for war with Britain

• Led by Henry Clay and John Calhoun– the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada and destroy native resistance is to have war.

Battle of New Orleans

• Led by Jackson

• British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815

• Ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Monroe Doctrine

• Any European nation, or any peoples in the Western Hemisphere, could not intervene in the affairs of North and South America

“Old Northwest”

• Territory Northwest of the Ohio river– formed from unorganized western territory of the US after the American Revolution

Telegraph

• Messages sent through electricity in a matter of minutes and were uninhibited by the speed of transportation.

Eli Whitney

• developed the cotton gin which revolutionized cotton production in the South and the system of interchangeable parts

Samuel Slater

• British mechanic who invented the first American machine for spinning cotton

• "The Father of the Factory System"

• Started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Market Revolution

• Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Lowell System

• The hiring of young farm women to operate machinery with provided housing and care.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

• Gave peaceful unions the right to negotiate the terms of their labor contracts with owners– established 10-hour workdays

Spoils system

• The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

“Common man”

• The everyday, working class man

Indian Removal Act (1830)

• Forced the Cherokees to move west of the Mississippi

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

• The Cherokee Nation was not considered a foreign nation therefore they can’t sue federal courts.

Worcester v. Georgia

• The Cherokees were considered a foreign nation therefore no state laws had effect on them.

Trail of Tears

• 20k Cherokees forced to leave Georgia leading to the death of many.

Bank of the United States

• Privately owned national bank that handled the federal deposits of the nation to cushion the ups and downs of the economy

“Pet banks”

• Several state banks that the federal funds were distributed to to take away power from the national bank.

Panic of 1837

• An economic depression after Jackson where the specie circular caused many state banks to collapse, leading to inflation.

“Corrupt bargain”

• Secret maneuvers by Clay and Adams that occurred during the Election of 1824 to make Adams win

John Quincy Adams

• Endorsed Henry Clay's "American System". High Tariffs, Federally funded roads and canals, and a strong National Bank.

Henry Clay

• A northern politician who developed the American System along with numerous compromises.

Specie Circular

• Jackson replaces the payment for purchased land with specie (gold or silver) rather than paper money, which led to inflation

Tariff of 1828; Tariff of Abominations

• Raised tariffs to benefit the northern region’s manufacturing economy, but it heavily disadvantaged the southern economy as it placed a tax on their imports.

Nullification crisis

• The debate on a state’s right to nullify a federal law they didn’t agree with occurred, where states threatened to secede from the Union if the law was not nullified, but Jackson viewed this secession as treason and passed the Force Bill to force the tariff onto them.

Antebellum

• Years after the war, focus on achieving utopia through movements

Transcendentalists

• A small group of New England thinkers promoted beliefs of transcendentalism where intuition, feelings, individuality, and the study of nature was emphasized.

Utopia

• An ideal community

Henry David Thoreau

• American transcendentalist who opposed war and observed nature in search for the truths of the universe and life itself

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• The best-known transcendentalist and a popular writer and speaker who focused on the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans

Second Great Awakening

• A reassertion of traditional Puritan teachings of original sin, predestination, and Christianity

American Temperance Society

• Persuaded drinkers to pledge ultimate abstinence from alcohol

Asylum movement

• Efforts to propose government legislation to improve treatment of the mentally ill through better institutions with proper conditions

Dorthea Dix

• Pushed for changes in the treatment of mentally ill and founded 32 mental hospitals

Horace Mann

• An educator who introduced reforms that significantly changed the system of public education

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

• The first women’s rights convention led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, where they passed the Declaration of Sentiments that called for women’s suffrage.

The Liberator

• An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison that promoted abolition.

The North Star 

• An anti-slavery newspaper written by Frederick Douglass that promoted full freedom to Black Americans. 

Sojourner Truth

• A female abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for women’s rights and abolition.

Harriet Tubman

• A famous abolitionist and conductor who constructed the Underground Railroad to lead Black Americans to freedom.

Cult of Domesticity

• An idealized view on women that they should be selfless caregivers to their children and husbands.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Leading feminist of the women’s rights movement who started the first women’s rights convention in Seneca, New York.

Slave codes 

• Strict laws that limited and denied Black Americans of basic rights.

Nat Turner

• Led Turners’ Rebellion where he and 70 slaves went from plantation to plantation in Virginia murdering 75 whites.

Planters/Planter Class

• Southern planters developed a paternalistic mindset, caring for their slaves to mask slavery’s brutal reality.

King Cotton

• The era where the Market Revolution made cotton the most important commodity in international trade and it made up more than half of all US exports.

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Unit 5:

Manifest Destiny

• the belief that the US had to control all land westward of the Pacific Ocean

  • Driven by nationalism, population increase, economic development, technological advances, and reform ideals.

Gold rush

• The discovery of gold in California led to this event where miners and settlers from all over the world come to the state to mine gold, in search for opportunities.

John Tyler

• A southern Whig official and presidential candidate William Henry Harrison’s running mate who worked to annex Texas but failed. 

  • Tippecanoe and Tyler too! 

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”

• A slogan used in the Election of 1844 by the Democrat party, appealing to expansionists as it preached expansion in the North or to fight Britain.

James K. Polk

• Presidential candidate of the Election of 1844, considered a dark horse, but very committed to Manifest Destiny

• Responsible for the settlement with the British of receiving half of Oregon, and its annexation.

Stephen Austin

• Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves

• recruited 300 American families to move into Mexican Texas, beginning a steady influx of American settlers into Texas.

Sam Houston

• Commander of the Texas army at the Battle of San Jacinto against Santa Anna’s army; later elected president of the Republic of Texas.

Matthew C. Perry

• A US military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S– helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan.

Mexican-American War

• (1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

• Causes: Expansionist Spirit, Breakdown in Diplomatic Relations, Boundary Dispute

Zachary Taylor

• Whig president who was a war hero-- ordered to move Polk’s army across Mexican land claims, leading to the death of American troops and starting the Mexican-American War.

• Won the 1848 election– Didn’t address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. 

  • Died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

John C. Fremont

• Overthrew Mexican rule in northern California in June 1846– proclaimed California an independent republic: The Bear Flag Republic.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Mexican Cession

• Lands sold by Mexico to the US following the Mexican War– New Mexico and California.

Wilmot Proviso

• Proposed by David Wilmot, an antislavery Democrat, introducing an amendment that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico.

Gadsden Purchase

• The purchase of the southern portion of New Mexico and Arizona for $19 million in 1853.

Free Soil Movement

• A movement that opposed the expansion of slavery to keep new territories open for white settlers and free labor, rather than allowing slavery to spread.

“Barnburners”

• Whigs from the Democratic Party who opposed the expansion of slavery– merged into the Republican Party that also opposed slavery.

Popular sovereignty 

• The idea that people of each territory should decide the status of slavery in the new territories.

Henry Clay

• A northern politician who played a key role in maintaining peace between the North and the South through compromises such as the Compromise of 1850. 

Compromise of 1850

• Admission of California as a free state.

• The formation of territorial governments in the acquired Mexican lands without restrictions on slavery.

• The abolition of the slave trade– but not slavery itself– in Washington, DC.

• Strictly enforced fugitive slave law.

Panic of 1857

• Financial crash caused by gold-fueled inflation and overspeculation.

• The North called for higher tariffs and free homesteads on western public lands.

Nativism

• A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Fugitive Slave Law

• A term from the Treaty of Guadalupe that required northern states to return escaped slaves to their owners.

Underground Railroad 

• Secret escape routes to help enslaved Black Americans, led by underground railroad conductors like Harriet Tubman, known as the “Moses of Her People”.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• A novel written by Stowe that focused on the nature of slavery experienced by someone firsthand, making Northerners the audience for them to notice the immorality of slavery.

“Bleeding Kansas”

• 1854-1859: White settlers from both the North and South violently populating Kansas immediately after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act to have a say on the status of slavery in the territory.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right of popular sovereignty.

Stephen A. Douglas

• A senator and politician who proposed the Freeport Doctrine, idea of popular sovereignty, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act that led to violent conflicts over slavery in Kansas.

Franklin Pierce

• The 14th president from the Democratic Party in 1853-1857 who supported the expansion of slavery, fueling tensions between the North and the South. 

Know-Nothing Party

• a secretive antiforeign society that responded, “I know nothing,” to political questions.

James Buchanon 

• The 15th President in 1857-1861.

• Tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

• A Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens– living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves.

• Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• A series of debates between Lincoln and Douglas that focused on issues surrounding slavery and helped elevate Lincoln’s national profile.

House-divided speech

• Lincoln’s famous speech preaching that the nation can’t live off of half-slave states and half-free states. 

Abraham Lincoln

• The 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves.

• Assured Southerners that he would not interfere with slavery where it existed, but warned that no state had the right to break up the Union.

Sumner-Brooks Incident

• 1856 Brooks assaulted Sumner with a cane in response to a speech where Sumner criticized slaveholders and their supporters, further inflaming tensions between the North and South over the issue of slavery.

John Brown

• A radical abolitionist who started a trend of slave revolts after his slave uprising at Harper’s Ferry.

Harper’s Ferry

• The place where John Brown started an uprising of slaves with his followers to attack its federal arsenal– caught for treason, being convicted and hanged.

Secession

• withdrawal from the Union.

Fort Sumter

• Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, SC– the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Border states

• Four slaveholding states– Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky– that remained in the Union b/c of the pro-Union sentiment and the shrewd federal policies.

Confederate States of America

• A short-lived government formed by Southern states that seceded from the US in 1861, over issues of states' rights and the expansion of slavery– fought the Civil War against the Union, seeking independence.

Jefferson Davis

• Confederate President during the Civil War of 1861-1865, 

Alexander H. Stephens

• Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.

Bull Run

• Two major battles in the American Civil War, the First and Second Battles of Bull Run, both Confederate victories near Manassas, Virginia.

Winfield Scott

• U.S. Army general during the Civil War and the creator of the Anaconda Plan.

Anaconda Plan

• Plan to blockade all Southern ports in order to cut off its supplies and trade.

Antietam 

• 1862– bloodiest battle in American history and led to President Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation (shift in war aim ⇒ slavery)

Ulysses S. Grant

• General of the Union Army who later became the 18th President of the United States, noted for his role in winning the Civil War.

• Involved in the second phase of the war– controlling the Mississippi, whereas his successes led him to be the leading generals during the war. 

Battle of Gettysburg

• 1863, was an important Union victory in the Civil War that marked the turning point against the Confederacy, being the first victory over Lee.

Sherman’s March

• Led by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman, involving total war tactics from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia– burned everything in it’s path

William Tecumseh Sherman

• Union general focusing on making the South suffer to force them to surrender and his destructive march through Georgia, using total war strategy.

Appomattox Court House

• The place where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, ending the Civil War.

Greenbacks

• Paper currency issued by the Union during the Civil War to finance the war effort, not backed by gold or silver.

Morrill Land Grant Act

• 1862– provided federal lands to states to establish colleges for public education.

Homestead Act

• Gave citizens 160 acres of public land for a small fee after living on it for 5 years. 

Pacific Railway Act

• Authorized subsidies in land and money for the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad.

Federal land grants

• Grants of public lands to private individuals or states for purposes such as railroad construction, education, and settlement.

Habeas Corpus

• the right of an arrested person to receive a speedy trial.

Confiscation Acts

• Laws passed during the Civil War allowing the Union to seize property, including slaves, from Confederates.

Emancipation Proclamation

• Issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, declaring all slaves in Confederate states free.

Gettysburg Address

• An attempt to reunify the country by changing the war aim of the country to the rebirth of freedom, portraying abolition as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals.

Copperheads

• Democrats opposed to war

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

• All-black Union regiment, known for its important victory on Fort Wagner in 1863.

13th Amendment

• 1865– Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime, in the US.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Declared that blacks were citizens and could not have their rights to property restricted. 

14th Amendment

• Guaranteed citizenship to anyone, regardless of race, born in the US– overturned the 1857 Dred Scott decision.

Equal protection of the laws

• A clause in the 14th Amendment ensuring that no state shall deny any person equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

• Forbade all states the denial of the right to vote to anyone “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Civil Rights Act of 1875

• Prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations, public transportation, and jury selection

Credit Mobilier

• Members gave stock to influential Congressmen to avoid investigation of the profits they were making to make the transcontinental road. 

William Tweed

• Boss of Democratic Party who stole $200 mil from NY taxpayers.

Horace Greeley

• Founder and editor of the New York Tribune and the Liberal Republican candidate for president to counter Grant’s corrupt presidency in 1872.

Panic of 1873

• A financial crisis that triggered a severe economic depression in the US, caused by over speculation and overbuilding, leading to a different focus in politics that forgets Black Americans once again.

Liberal Republicans

• Political party that sought civil reform, end to railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops in the South, reduced tariffs, and freer trade. 

Reconstruction

• The period after the Civil War where Southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union under strict terms of the Union that they would accept the abolition of slavery and many more amendments.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

• Full presidential pardons were granted to Confederates who pledged allegiance to the Union and the constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves.

Wade-Davis Bill

• A bill that required a majority of southerners in a given state to take the loyalty oath for readmission into the Union.

Andrew Johnson

• The 17th President of the United States who believed that Reconstruction was an executive branch matter and sought the rapid restoration of the former Confederate states.

Freedmen’s Bureau

• A federal agency established in 1865 to assist freed slaves in the South by providing food, housing, education, and legal support.

Congressional Reconstruction

• The period when Congress took control of Reconstruction efforts, enacting laws and amendments to protect the rights of freedmen and restructure Southern society.

Radical Republicans

• Political party that advocated for the complete abolition of slavery and harsh penalties for the former Confederate states during Reconstruction.

Thaddeus Stephens

• Leading Radical Republican in the House who sought to revolutionize Southern society through military rule for A.A.’s to exercise their civil rights and granted privileges to them. 

Reconstruction Acts

• A series of laws passed in 1867 that surrounded the South with military and required states to ratify the 14th Amendment and provide voting rights to black men.

Tenure of Office Act

• 1867– restricted the President's power to remove certain officeholders without the Senate's approval, leading to Andrew Johnson's impeachment.

Edwin Stanton

• Secretary of War who suggested the “40 acres and a mule” plan for freedmen. 

Impeachment

• The process by which a legislative body charges a government official with misconduct, exemplified by the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson in 1868.

Scalawags

• Term for Southern Republicans by Democrats.

  • Supported the Rep. gov’ts (peace, economic development), former Whigs

Carpetbaggers

• Term for Northern newcomers by Republicans.

  • Went south for new beginnings (economically) or new opportunities.

Hiram Revels 

• The first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate, representing Mississippi during Reconstruction.

Women’s Suffrage

• The movement to grant women the right to vote, leading to the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Redeemers

• Southern Democrats who sought to end Reconstruction and restore pre-war social and political norms– regained their power in the government.

Rutherford B Hayes

• 19th President of the United States, whose disputed election in 1876 led to the Compromise of 1877.

Samuel J Tilden 

• His loss in the 1876 election angered Southern Democrats, causing them to filibuster the results into the House.

Election of 1876

• A highly disputed election, leading to the Compromise of 1877 where Rutherford B. Hayes became president in exchange for ending Reconstruction.

Compromise of 1877

• Resolved the 1876 presidential election, resulting in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction.

Force Acts

• Laws passed in the early 1870s to combat the Ku Klux Klan and protect the civil rights of African Americans in the South.

Black Codes

• Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the freedoms of African Americans and maintain a labor force similar to slavery.

Ku Klux Klan

• A white supremacist organization founded during Reconstruction that used terror and violence to oppress African Americans and oppose Reconstruction efforts.

Sharecropping

• An agricultural system where freedmen and poor whites would work land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops, often leading to debt and economic exploitation
  

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Unit 6:

Transcontinental railroads

• roads created after the Civil War that connected the eastern and western parts of the US.

Great American Desert

• a term used by pioneers about the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau in 1860.

Cattle drives

• cowboys drove herds of cattle along trails to be shipped to the East by railroad.

Homestead Act

• an act that encouraged farming on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years.

“Dry farming”

• a method of deep-plowing the soil to make the most of the moisture available in dry regions.

Cash crops

• crops grown primarily for profit, such as corn or wheat, that Northern and western farmers of the 1800s concentrated on to prosper in the markets.

Deflation 

• decrease in the prices of goods since the money supply wasn’t growing as fast as the economy.

National Grange Movement

• A social and educational organization for farmers and their families that defended members against middlemen, trusts, and railroads.

Cooperatives

•  businesses owned and run by farmers to save the costs charged by middlemen

Granger laws

• regulated railroad and elevator rates, and illegalized railroads from fixing prices.

Ocala Platform

• a meeting between an organization of farmers to address the problems of rural America in Ocala, Florida.

Frederick Jackson Turner

• a historian that published the essay called “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” in 1893.

Turner’s Frontier Thesis

• argued that the American frontier's settlement and colonization was a key factor in the development of American democracy and culture

Little Big Horn

• the war location where Colonel George Custer’s army was defeated by the Sioux in 1876.

Ghost Dance Movement

• the last effort of American Indians to resist US gov’t control by religiously dancing for their dead peers– ended after the Battle at Wounded Knee

Dawes Act of 1887

• broke up the tribal organizations and made natives law-abiding citizens by granting citizenship to those who stayed on their government given land for 25 years.

Indian Reorganization Act

• reestablished tribal organization and culture in 1934.

“New South”

• the South’s efforts to have an economy achieve a self-sufficient and industrial economy  that replicated the North’s, and to have improved race relations.

Tenant farmers

• Farmers who worked on the land of another, paying rent through money or crops.

Sharecropping

• A person who farms someone else’s land for the cost of a share of the crops they farm.

Tuskegee Institute 

• Black institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide education in agriculture and crafts

George Washington Carver

• an African American scientist who promoted the use of peanuts, sweet potatoes and soybeans to diversify southern agriculture.

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

• court law that Congress could not ban private racial discrimination, including places of public commodity.

Plessy v. Ferguson

• a Louisiana law that required “separate but equal accommodations” for White and Black railroad passengers, allowing legalized segregation.

Jim Crow laws

• a wave of discriminatory laws that the South adopted in the 1870s to require segregation in facilities of all public places.

Literacy tests

• tests required for voting to restrict African Americans from voting as they were limited to education at the time.

Poll taxes

• tax required for voting to restrict African Americans from voting.

Grandfather clauses

• allowed a man to vote if his grandfather voted in elections before Reconstruction.

Ida B. Wells

• Black woman who was the editor of the Memphis Free Speech that confronted and campaigned against lynching and the Jim Crow laws

Booker T. Washington

• Black activist who emphasized Black self-reliance and the acceptance of discrimination from Whites.

W.E.B. Du Bois

• one of the oppositions of Washington– thought he was too willing to accept discrimination, demanded an end to segregation and equal civil rights to all Americans. 

Atlanta Compromise

• a belief that Black and White Southerners shared a responsibility for making their region prosper.

Henry Bessemer

• discovered that blasting air through molten iron produced quality steel.

Sears, Roebuck & Co.

• a large mail-order company that used catalogs to cater to consumers.

Consumer economy

• an economy that is targeted with manufactured items to keep the nation’s businesses going.

Andrew Carnegie

• One of the titans of the Steel Industry by creating the Carnegie Steel Company in 1873.

John D. Rockefeller

• Founder of the Standard Oil Company in 1870 that became one of the first great industrial monopolies.

Horizontal integration

• Acquiring competitors’ businesses to eliminate competition and dominate the business.

Vertical integration

• Controlling every aspect of production, which minimized cost and maximized profit.

American Railroad Association

• An organization that divided the country into four time zones in 1883, making railroad time the standard time for all Ameircans.

Social Darwinism

• The belief that survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace, where concentrating wealth in the hands of the “fit” benefits everyone. 

William Graham Sumner

• Argued that giving aid to the poor was misguided and preserved the weak, promoting the laissez faire policy to avoid this.

Laissez-faire

• The practice of minimal government intervention in the economy.

Railroad strike of 1877

• The first major interstate strike in American history, where a 10% cut was made on the wages of railroad workers, leading to them walking off the job and blocking the tracks. Eventually, it formed into a mob that destroyed railroad property.

National Labor Union

• The first attempt to organize all workers in all states in 1868, which supported a wide range of social reform– rights for African Americans, women, skilled and unskilled workers

Knights of Labor

• A secret national labor organization in 1869, which had open membership to any workers. They championed an 8-hour workday and the abolition of child labor.

Haymarket Bombing

• Violence in a public meeting in Haymarket Square, where a bomb incident occurred in response to police interference, leading to the Knights of Labor’s loss of popularity.

American Federation of Labor

• A federation of craft unions consisting of skilled workers, concentrating on basic economic issues rather than getting involved in social change. They practiced collective bargaining to reach their goals.

Samuel Gompers

• The creator of the American Federation of Labor in 1886.

Homestead Strike

• Workers under Carnegie Steel had their wages cut, leading to a 5-month walkout that was combated with aggressive violence, setting back the union movement for 4 decades

Pullman Strike

• A nationwide railroad strike was caused by the Pullman Company cutting wages of its workers, leading to a unionized effort from the ARU where workers refused to handle the trains to disrupt mail operation, being ended by the federal government.

Eugene Debs

• Leader of the American Railway Union who directed the unionized Pullman Strike.

“Old” and “new” immigrants

• Old immigrants came from northern and western Europe, were mostly Protestant, English-speaking, and had a high level of literacy and occupational skills.

• New immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, were mostly Roman Catholic, Orthodox or Jewish, and were poor and illiterate peasants, unaccustomed to democratic traditions.

Tenement apartments

• Inner-city housing containing small, windowless rooms to increase profits from the poor working class.

Chinese Exclusion Act

• A nativist legislation that banned all new immigrants from China in 1882 for 10 years.

Political machines

• Political organizations that control a political party in a city or region, using corrupt ways to maintain their power.

Tammany Hall

• A political machine in NY led by Boss Tweed that aided small business owners, immigrants, and the poor in exchange for voters. It participated in providing job assistance, housing, food, and clothing to those in need.

Jane Addams

• One of the operators of the most famous settlement house, which was the Hull House, opened in 1889 in Chicago.

Settlement houses

• An approach to the problem of crowded immigrant neighborhoods in the 1900s, where young reformers lived there to experience their problems firsthand and provide ways to relieve it.

“Gospel of Wealth”

• Wealth was a direct result of God’s will, so the wealthy had an obligation to give money away in order to better society.

Social Gospel

• The Christian obligation to solve social problems by improving housing, raising wages, and supporting public health measures.

NAWSA

• An association started by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in the 1890s to fight for women's suffrage, soon leading to the 19th amendment.

WCTU

• The Women’s christian Temperance Movement in 1874 led by Frances Willard, which was the largest women’s organization in American history at the time.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

• An act that required railroad rates to be “reasonable and just,” and also set up the first federal regulatory agency, the ICC.

Antitrust Movement

• A movement started by middle-class citizens fearing the trusts’ unchecked concentration of power, and old rich resenting the growing influence of the new rich

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

• An act that prohibited any contract, combination, in the form of trust or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce.

Pendleton Act of 1881

• An act that set up the Civil Service Commission and created a system where applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected based on their scores on an examination.

“Soft” vs “hard” money

• Soft money: currency not backed up by specie, allowing more flexibility to print paper currency (greenbacks)

• Hard money: currency backed up by specie, limiting the amount of money that can be printed for a more stable economy.

Panic of 1873

• A financial crisis that triggered a severe economic depression after the post-Civil War economy, industrialization, and challenges of the Gilded Age. It highlighted the consequences of reliance on railroads and specie investments.

Omaha Platform

• A platform that outlined the Populist Party's goal of combating the concentration of economic power by trusts and bankers that discriminated against farmers and laborers – demanded an increase in the power of common voters, unlimited coinage of silver, higher taxes, etc.

Panic of 1893

• Four year depression where the stock market crashed due to overspeculation, and dozens of railroads went into bankruptcy due to overbuilding.

“Coxey’s Army”

• A group of unemployed people led by Jacob Coxey during the March to Washington on 1894 to demand that the federal government should spend $500 mil on public work programs to create jobs.

William Jennings Bryan

• A democratic congressman that ran on a pro-silver platform and was famous for his Cross of Gold speech that led to his nomination by the Populist Party.

“Cross of Gold” Speech

• The speech by Bryan that won the Democrats and instantly made him Democratic president candidate due to its appeal to the free coinage of silver to help the working class.

Unlimited coinage of silver

• The practice of unrestricted minting of silver coins to increase the money supply and alleviate the struggles of the working class.

Gold standard

• A currency system based on gold, providing a stable basis for currency in comparison to silver.

Era of Republican Dominance

• An era that resulted from the defeat of Bryan and the free-silver movement, where the Republican Party was the dominant political party at the national level from the 1860s-1930s.

“First modern president”

• President McKinley who took the US from isolation to a major part of international affairs, making it a leading industrial nation.

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Unit 7:

Purchase of Alaska (1867)

• Purchased by William H. Seward, viewed as invaluable until the discovery of its abundance of natural resources, being a valuable asset to the nation after. 

Alfred Thayer Mahan

• US navy captain who wrote the book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) to argue that a strong navy was needed to support its ambitions of commerce and becoming a world power.

Jingoism

• an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy that swept American public opinion.

Yellow Journalism

• Sensationalistic reporting that featured bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal to promote war fever.

Sinking of the Maine

• USS Maine was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, when it suddenly exploded and killed hundreds of Americans on board, accusing Spain for the event.

Teller Amendment

• Declared that the US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba, and that once peace was restored to the island, the Cuban people would control their own gov’t

Rough Riders

• A regiment of volunteers led by Roosevelt to perform a cavalry charge in San Juan Hill in Cuba

Treaty of Paris (1898)

• provided for recognition of Cuban independence, US acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam, and US control of the Philippines in return for a $20 million payment to Spain.

Insular Cases

• Questions concerning the constitutional rights of the Filipinos, questioning whether the provisions of the constitution apply to whatever territories fell under US control.

Anti-Imperialist League

• led by William Jennings Bryan to rally opposition to further acts of expansion in the Pacific.

Platt Amendment

• withdrew troops conditionally upon Cuba’s acceptance of terms included in the amendment, which led to resentment from Cuba

Open Door Policy

• All nations would have equal trading privileges in China

“Big Stick” Diplomacy

• a foreign policy that aimed to build the reputation of the US as a world power by acting bolding and decisively in situations.

Theodore Roosevelt

• A Republican vice president who was an expansionist and hero of the Spanish-American War

Panama Canal

• A man made canal completed in 1914, where hundreds of laborers lost their lives in the effort.

William Howard Taft

• President from the 1908 election, running through a progressive and expansionist campaign, and a dollar diplomacy.

“Dollar Diplomacy”

• Encouraged Americans businesses to send their dollars to foreign countries to weaken European bonds and strengthen ties with the US.

Woodrow Wilson

• President from the 1912 election, running through an anti-imperialist campaign and a moral diplomacy.

“Moral Diplomacy”

• The duty to spread the ideal of democracy to nations under threat of totalitarianism.

William Jennings Bryan

• Wilson’s Secretary of State who also opposed imperialism and ran for president several times only to lose.

Lincoln Steffens

• Muckraker who wrote The Shame of the Cities, reflecting corruption in urban management.

Ida Tarbell

• Muckraker who wrote History of Standard Oil, reflecting the greed of oil companies.

Jacob Riis

• Muckraker who wrote How the Other Half Lives, reflecting the slum conditions of tenement houses.

Secret ballot

• A system of issuing ballots printed by the state for voters to mark their choices secretly in a private booth.

17th Amendment 

• Required that all US senators be elected by popular vote.

Initiative, referendum, reform

• The three methods that forced politicians to obey the will of the people regarding bills and laws in the government.

Temperance and Prohibition

• Movements that caused division in reformers, separating them into wets and drys for those who either support or do not support prohibition.

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

• A tragedy that occurred in a garment factory that took the lives of hundreds, mostly women, leading to a greater call for women’s activism and labor safety.

“Square deal”

• A policy under Roosevelt that urged enforcement of existing antitrust laws and stricter controls on big business.

Trust-busting

• The efforts of Roosevelt and Taft to end the power of monopolies and trusts that limited competition and harmed consumers and workers.

Upton Sinclair 

• Author of The Jungle, which described the dangerous conditions in America’s meatpacking factories.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

• Created federal standards for meatpacking factories to ensure they met sanitation requirements.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

• Forbade the manufacture and sale of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs.

16th Amendment

• Authorized the collection of a national income tax.

Eugene Debs

• A Socialist leader sentenced to jail for supporting the Pullman strike.

Bull Moose Party

• A third party led by Roosevelt in 1912 that advocated for progressive reforms.

Federal Trade Commission

• An agency that protected consumers by taking action against any unfair trade practice in any industry except banking and transportation.

Clayton Antitrust Act

• A strengthened version of the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up monopolies and prevent the reduction of competition.

Booker T. Washington

• An African American reformer who was born a slave, argued that Black people should focus on economic advancement and accommodation to White racism rather than combat it.

WEB Du Bois

• An African American reformer against Washington, opposing his ways of accepting discrimination and instead supporting equal civil rights and an immediate end to segregation.

19th Amendment

• Guaranteed women’s right to vote.

Margaret Sanger

• An activist advocating for birth control education, especially amongst the poor, leading to her Planned Parenthood organization.

League of Women Voters

• A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and political issues.

Lusitania

• The first major challenge on US neutrality in 1915, where German torpedoes sank a British ship, killing most passengers that included Americans.

Zimmerman Telegram

• A secret message to Mexico by Germany that was intercepted by Britain, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany to help Mexico recover its lost territories in the US.

Fourteen Points

• Wilson’s desired war treaty that addressed the causes of WWI to prevent another world war, calling for the creation of a League of Nations, free trade, a reduction of arms, and self-determination.

Treaty of Versailles 

• The peace treaty for WWI signed in 1919, forcing Germany to accept the blame for the war, pay large reparations, cede territory, and significantly disarm.

League of Nations

• A peacekeeping organization that signers of the treaty joined to prevent future world wars and promote world peace.

Henry Cabot Lodge

• A leading Senate Republican that opposed Wilson after his visible bias towards Democrats during the election.

Irreconcilables

• A group of Republicans who were totally opposed to the League of Nations.

Article X

• A term under the League of Nations that called on each member to stand ready to protect other nations.

Liberty Bonds

• Federally issued bonds sold to Americans during WWI to help fund the war effort.

National War Labor Board

• Led by President Taft, which helped settle disputes between workers and employers.

Selective Service Act

• A system that drafted men into the military through a democratic method that required all men between 21 and 30 to register for possible induction.

Espionage Act (1917)

• Provided imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or denied the draft. 

Sedition Act (1918)

• prohibited anyone from making disloyal or abusive remarks about the US government.

Schenck v. United States  

• Judicial case that declared that the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a clear danger to public safety.

Great Migration

• The largest movement of people in US history consisting of African Americans who migrated to the north for job opportunities in the cities.

Red Scare

• A period of increased paranoia emerging during WWI, where Americans began to fear a communist takeover. 

Palmer Raids

• Raids motivated from the fears of revolution, where mass arrests of anyone who showed revolutionist motives occurred based on limited criminal evidence.

Tulsa Race Massacre

• The worst incident of racial violence in America, where the act of African Americans preventing the lynching of a Black men led to White mobs destroying thousands of homes and businesses.

Standard of living

• Degree of wealth & material comfort of the average person 

Scientific management

• A management theory that increased work efficiency by analyzing the most efficient production processes.

Henry Ford

• A businessman who created the assembly line process for manufacturing automobiles.

Assembly line

• remaining at one place all day while performing the same simply operation over and over again at rapid speed.

Welfare capitalism

• voluntarily offering their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interests in making unions

Mass media

• The various forms of communication and entertainment that contributed to the spread of national culture and regional cultures.

Radio

• A form of mass media that contributed to the changing relationship between citizens, government, and the media. 

Hollywood

• A city in California where the movie industry centered in, building a national habit of spending leisure time in movie theaters. 

Charles Lindberg

• a celebrated aviator who flew nonstop across the Atlantic from Long Island to Paris in 1927.

Modernists

• People who had historical and critical views of excerpts in the Bible, believing they could accept Darwin’s theory of evolution without abandoning their faith.

Fundamentalists

• People who condemned modernists, believing that every word in the Bible was true literally through a creationist doctrine.

Revivalists

• People who preached a fundamentalist belief using the radio.

Scopes Trial

• A trial regarding a teacher, John Scopes, who taught the theory of evolution to his high school class, which was outlawed in public schools.

21st Amendment

• An amendment that repealed the 18th amendment, putting an end to Prohibition.

Organized Crime

• Acts of crime that were funded for gangs during the rise of the smuggling trade. 

Al Capone

• Chicago gang leader who led gangsters to fight for control over the smuggling trade

Quota laws

• Laws that limited immigration of the number of foreign-born persons from a given nation and restricted groups considered undesirable by nativists.

Sacco and Vanzetti

• Two Italian-born anarchists who weren’t given a fair trial and were punished to death simply because of their race.

Ku Klux Klan

• a Klan that reemerged in 1915 during a period of strong racism in the Midwest and South after the release of a silent film, Birth of a Nation.

Birth of a Nation

• A silent film that portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as the heroes, and the White backlash to the race riots of 1919.

“Lost generation”

• A term created by Gertrude Stein that explained the disillusionment of leading writers during the postwar decade.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Author during the lost generation.

Ernest Hemingway

• Author during the lost generation.

Margaret Sanger

• An advocate of birth control that created the Planned Parenthood organization.

Consumer Culture

• A culture that rose during the roaring twenties for Americans to purchase consumer appliances that improved daily life. 

Harlem Renaissance

• A period of artistic achievements within African Americans in the city of Harlem, New York that was started by the Great Migration.

Migration from the South

• A mass migration of African Americans to the North due to the discrimination they faced in the South, creating communities in cities. 

Countee Cullen

• Leading African American poet during the Harlem Renaissance.

Langston Hughes

• Famous poet during the Harlem Renaissance.

Claude McKay

• Important writer during the Harlem Renaissance. 

Louis Armstrong

• Musician during the Harlem Renaissance.

Marcus Garvey

• A reformer from Jamaica who migrated to Harlem to advocate individual and racial pride for African Americans, inspiring the ideas of Black nationalism.

Black pride

• An expression that emerged from rising black nationalism, where blackness and cultural expression was exalted for equality.

Warren Harding

• A Republican president supporting pro-business policies and post-war restoration, who also died in his presidency so Coolidge took his place. 

Teapot Dome

Calvin Coolidge

• The successor of Harding who believed in limited government intervention, limited government spending, and Republican values. 

Herbert Hoover

• A Republican candidate with a spotless reputation, known as a self-made millionaire, and Secretary of Commerce

Black Tuesday

• The cause of the Wall Street Crash where millions of investors sold and no buyer could be found. 

Buying on margin

• Allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10%.

Excessive use of credit

• Increased borrowing and buying during the economic boom where there were low interests rates and that the era was permanent.

Stock market crash

• An economic crash that was longer lasting, more business failures and unemployment, and affected more people than ever before

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

• A schedule of tariff rates passed by the Republican Congress that was the highest in history, making the depression worsen.

Bonus March (1932)

• A march of unemployed WWI veterans in 1932 to Washington, DC to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised to them at a later date.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

• The Democratic president behind the New Deal policy, known for expanding the size of the federal government and enlarging presidential powers to take the nation out of its depression.

Eleanor Roosevelt

• The most active first lady in history, emerged as a leader who influenced the president to support minorities and the less fortunate.

New Deal

• FDR’s policy that aimed to provide relief for the unemployed, recovery for business and economy, and reform of American economic institutions to save the nation from the Great Depression.

Three R’s

• The term for relief, reform and recovery.

Frances Perkins

• FDR’s secretary of labor, the first woman ever to serve in a president’s cabinet.

Hundred Days

• A desperate period of time where Congress passed into law every request that FDR made to prevent the nation from panicking in the Depression.

Fireside Chats

• FDR’s radio channel in 1933 that assured his listeners that the banks reopened after the bank holiday were safe.

CCC

• The Civilian Conservation Corps that employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums.

FDIC

• The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation that guaranteed individual bank deposits

WPA

• The Works Progress Administration that provided jobs for 25% of adult Americans, focusing on construction jobs. 

Social Security Act

• An act that created an insurance program based on the collection of payments from employees and employers to make monthly payments to retired people over the age of 65.

Limited welfare state

• A gov’t that regulated economic activity and aided the poor and unemployed to provide economic security for all.

Modern American liberalism

• The practice of increased government intervention to protect the nation from another depression.

New Deal Coalition

• A vibrant block of voters who were benefitting from the New Deal, so they switched to Democratic party.

Father Charles E. Coughlin

• A Catholic priest that founded the National Union for Social Justice, calling for issuing an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks.

Frances Townsend

• A retired physician who became a hero to millions of senior citizens by proposing a simple plan for guaranteeing a secure income.

Huey Long

• A senator who became a prominent national figure by proposing a “Share Our Wealth” program that promised a minimum annual income of $5k for every American family, to be paid for by taxing the wealthy.

Okies

• Farmers from Oklahoma who migrated to California in search of work.

Dust bowl

• A state of a region where poor farming practices and high winds blew away topsoil.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

• A pact that renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends.

Good Neighbor Policy

• FDR’s policy of friendly relations with other nations in the Western hemisphere since fear of rising military regimes in Europe prompted him to search for allies.

Fascism

• The idea that people should glorify their nation and race through aggressive shows of force.

Axis Powers

• The enemy side of WWII, involving Japan, Italy, and Germany.

FDR Third Term

• FDR's third term that focused on leading the nation through post-war matters, mobilizing military involvement and supporting Allied powers. 

“Four Freedoms”

• The freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. 

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

• A proposal by FDR to end the cash-and-carry requirement to allow Britain to obtain all the US arms it needed on credit. 

Pearl Harbor

• A Japanese surprise aircraft attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii that set the stage for WWII.

War Production Board

• An agency meant to manage war industries for the wartime crisis in 1942.

Manhattan Project

• A  top-secret project that produce the first atomic weapons

“Double V”

• A slogan that preached victory in the war and the victory of equality at home for African Americans.

Internment Camps

• The forced relocation of 120k Japanese Americans after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

Korematsu v. US

• A court case that ruled the wartime internment of Japanese Americans to be constitutional.

“Rosie the Riveter”

• A song used to encourage women to take defense jobs during the war.

Dwight Eisenhower

• A US general who led Allied forces to North Africa to take it from the Germans. 

D-Day

• The largest invasion by sea in history, where Allied forces attack beaches in France to liberate the nation and drive out German forces. 

Holocaust

• The Nazi program of genocide against Jews by putting them into concentration camps.

Island Hopping

• A strategy where commanders bypassed strongly held Japanese posts and isolated them with naval and air power.

Douglas MacArthur

• A US general who oversaw the island-hopping campaign and accepted Japan's surrender after.

Hiroshima

• A Japanese city where the first A-bomb was dropped.

Nagasaki

• A Japanese city where the second atomic bomb was dropped.

Harry S. Truman

• FDR’s successor who was assumed with enormous responsibilities as the war effort hadn’t been won yet.

Yalta

• The most important conference between the Allies in the war that determined the future map of Europe.

Potsdam

• A Big Three conference to demand that Japan surrender unconditionally and that Germany and Berlin would be divided into four zones.

United Nations

• A peacekeeping organization formed at the end of WWII, created by Allied representatives from the US, Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China.

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Unit 8:

Cold War

• A conflict between two belligerents where neither engages in open warfare with the other.

Soviet Union

• The communist power that was against the US in the Cold War. 

Joseph Stalin

• Leader of the Soviet Union during WWII and the Cold War, popular for pushing his nation's limits of expansionism and spreading communism.

United Nations

• an association created in 1945 after WWII to provide representation to all member nations and defend any nations victim to aggressor nations.

Winston Churchill

• The British Prime Minister during WWII and the Cold War, opposing communist powers with the US.

Iron Curtain

• Churchill’s metaphor of the division between free Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe

Containment policy 

• A policy designed to prevent Soviet expansion without starting a war.

George Marshall

• A US military leader during WWII and the Secretary of State during the Cold War era under Truman.

George F. Kennan

• One of the advisers of the Policy of Containment.

Truman Doctrine

• Containment of communism by lending support to any country that was threatened by soviet communism. 

Marshall Plan

• Billions of dollars in economic aid to rebuild Europe after WWII to prevent the spread of communism

Berlin Airlift

• the Western powers’ actions of delivering necessities to the people of West Berlin to combat the Soviet Union’s blockade.

West Germany and East Germany

• The US, Great Britain, and France shared control over West Germany, while the Soviet Union occupied East Germany.

NATO

• A military alliance between US and Western European nations to create a system of mutual defense

  • One NATO nation being attacked is considered all NATO nations being attacked.

Warsaw Pact

• an alliance between Soviet Union and Eastern European nations to combat NATO.

Douglas MacArthur

• a WWII hero who participated in the Korean War.

Mao Zedong

• Leader of the communist forces in China who met with Nixon for peace discussions.

38th Parallel 

• the line that divided North and South Korea and the location where the Korean War occurred. 

Korean War

• US involvement in Korean affairs that the Truman administration used as justification for expanding the military.

John Foster Dulles

• President Eisenhower’s Secretary of State who helped shape US foreign policy during the 1950s by challenging communist forces and liberating nations under communism.

Brinkmanship

• Pushing Communist powers to the brink of war, declaring that they would back down because of American nuclear superiority.

Nikita Khrushchev

• a Soviet leader who denounced the crimes of Stalin and supported peaceful coexistence with the West.

Sputnik

• The first satellites launched by the Soviet Union over the US in 1957.

Fidel Castro

• A revolutionary who overthrew the Cuban dictator in 1959

NASA

• an administration to direct the US efforts to build missiles and explore outer space.

U-2 Incident

• the incident where the US was exposed for stealing information about the enemy’s missile program secretly, ending the promised conference in Paris.

Bay of Pigs

• an island in Cuba where the trained Cubans fail to set off their plan, causing them to be trapped yet JFK refused to send US forces to save them. 

Berlin Wall

• A wall to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany

Cuban Missile Crisis

• A standoff between Kennedy and Khrushchev after the discovery of Soviet Union missiles beginning in Cuba on the way to the US, where Kennedy responds with a blockade of Cuban waters. 

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

• Ending the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.

Henry Kissinger

• Nixon’s national security adviser who helped with Nixon’s foreign policies, detente and realpolitik.

Detente 

• A deliberate reduction of Cold War tensions by taking advantage of the Soviet Union and China rivalry.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

• US diplomats who discussed securing Soviet consent to a freeze on the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads.

Smith Act (1940)

• an act that made it illegal for anyone to advocate overthrowing any gov’t in the US by force. 

HUAC

• an investigative unit to look into communist activity in the US.

Alger Hiss

• a conviction of one of Roosevelt’s advisers being a communist spy, making Nixon a national figure after his actions in the case.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

• A couple tried for sending atomic secrets to the Soviet Union and were convicted of espionage, which fueled the Red Scare paranoia. 

Joseph McCarthy

• A US senator who fueled the paranoia in the Red Scare through McCarthyism.

McCarthyism

•  bold accusations of government officials being communist with no evidence by Joseph McCarthy. 

Harry S. Truman

• the first modern president to use the powers of his office to challenge racial discrimination.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights)

• WWII veterans were funded by the government to go to college and were allowed to take low interest loans on houses. 

Baby boom

• A phenomenon where the population of Americans skyrocketed after the war due to the mass production of children. 

Levittown

• A suburban community where large tracts of lands were purchased to create mass-produced low-cost, identical homes. 

Sun Belt

• A mass migration to the Southern strip of land going across from California to Florida due to better economic opportunity.

22nd Amendment 

• An amendment that limited a President to two full four-year terms

Taft-Hartley Act

• An act that was meant to curb the power of labor unions after a surge in strikes following WWI.

Fair Deal

• Truman’s reform program that promoted health insurance, civil rights legislation, public housing funding, and other progressive reforms.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2– leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion– president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Modern Republicanism

• President Eisenhower's approach to government, described as "conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to human beings"

Highway Act

• President Eisenhower's approach to government, described as "conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to human beings"

New Frontier

• JFK’s campaign where he promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

New Federalism

• A way of revenue sharing to grant local gov’ts nationwide $30 billion dollars in grants over 5 years to put more power in the states

Stagflation

• A period of economic slowdown and high inflation

Television

• A form of mass media that impacted American culture after WWII, shaping public opinion, sharing information, and influencing social movements.

Rock and Roll

• A form of mass culture that rooted from African Americans and was glorified by the younger generation.

The Affluent Society

• A novel that criticized wealthy Americans for not spending enough to forward the public interest, influencing the forthcoming Kennedy and Johnson administrations

The Catcher in the Rye

• A novel about a troubled teenager who opposed phoniness, which criticized the mass culture conformity of the era.

Beatniks

• A group of poets who rebelled against the conformity of their age through their poetry.

Warren Commission

• A commission to investigate the assassination of JFK. 

Jackie Robinson

• The first African American to play on a major league team.

NAACP

• A civil rights organization that fought against racial discrimination and advocated for social justice for African Americans.

Thurgood Marshall

• The Supreme Court justice that led the Brown v. Board of Education case. 

Brown v Board of Education 

• A case that argued that segregation of Black children in public schools was unconstitutional because it violated the 14th amendment. 

Earl Warren

• A chief justice that declared separate facilities unconstitutional and ended school segregation.

Little Rock

• Nine African American students that were defended by the National Guard to enter an integrated high school.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• An event where a Black woman refused to give up her seat to a White passenger, leading to her arrest and a series of boycotts of buses. 

SCLC

• A conference that organized ministers and churches in the South to get behind the civil rights struggle.

SNCC

• A committee that promoted voting rights to end segregation.

Civil Rights Commission 

• A committee to investigate and address complaints of racial discrimination.

Decolonization

• The collapse of colonial empires following WWII, where nations follow a trend of self-governance. 

CIA

• An organization that conducted covert operations to protect American interests.

Eisenhower Doctrine

• Economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism.

OPEC

• An alliance of Middle Eastern states and the South American state of Venezuela to expand their political power by coordinating their oil policies.

Yom Kippur (October) War

• A conflict between Israel and Egypt, which launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur.

Camp David Accords

• A peace settlement between Egypt and Israel suggested by President Carter, making it his greatest achievement. 

Peace Corps

• An organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries.
  

Ngo Dinh Diem

• Anti-communist leader of South Vietnam.

Domino theory

• If South Vietnam fell to communism, one nation after another in Southeast Asia would also fall.

John Foster Dulles

• Eisenhower’s secretary of state that created the SEATO.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

• A resolution that gave the president a blank check to take all necessary measures to protect US interests in Vietnam.

Credibility gap

• Misinformation from leaders of the war and Johnson’s to the American people about the scope and costs of the war.

Tet Offensive

• An all-out surprise attack on every capital and American base in South Vietnam during the Lunar New Year of the Vietcong, which is an American loss. 

Robert F. Kennedy

• A Democratic president that was antiwar and pro civil rights but was assassinated after his victory.

George Wallace

• A conservative presidential candidate that ran on an anti-liberalism campaign.

Richard Nixon

• President during the 1960s that focused on international relations by reducing US involvement in the Vietnam War.

Democratic Convention in Chicago

• A convention where widespread anti-Vietnam War protests and violent clashes between demonstrators and police occurred.

Hubert Humphrey

• RFK’s Vice President that loyally supported Johnson’s domestic and foreign policies, being left with the badly divided Democratic party.

Henry Kissinger

• Nixon’s national security adviser who supported his foreign policy to reduce the tensions of the Cold War. 

Vietnamization

• Nixon’s policy of gradually withdrawing US troops from Vietnam and giving the South Vietnamese the money, weapons, and training needed to take over the full conduct of the war.

Nixon Doctrine

• A war-focused doctrine where Nixon expanded the war by using US forces to invade Cambodia to destroy Vietnamese Communist bases,  followed with anti-war protests

My Lai

• The massacre of women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai.

Pentagon Papers

• A secret government study documenting the mistakes and deceptions of gov’t policymakers in dealing with Vietnam.

Paris Accords

• a peace settlement that promised a cease-fire and free elections in 1973.

War Powers Act

• A law that required future presidents to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action.

Lyndon Johnson

• President Kennedy’s vice president that came into power after his assassination, well known for his Great Society program.

Great Society

• A set of domestic programs by President Johnson that aimed to eliminate poverty, expand civil rights, and improve education, healthcare, and economic opportunities for disadvantaged Americans.

The Other America

• a book on poverty that helped focus national attention on the 40 million Americans still living in poverty.

War on Poverty

• A declaration by President Johnson in response to Harrington’s book, The Other America, followed with Congress providing the president with everything he asked for to combat poverty

Barry Goldwater

• A Republican presidential candidate in the 1964 election who was feared as an extremist, yet was well known to energize conservative voices and end the welfare state.

Medicare

• A Great Society program that provided health insurance to Americans aged 65 and older.

Medicaid 

• A Great Society program that provided health insurance to low-income individuals and families.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

• A cabinet department Johnson established in his Great Society reforms to address urban poverty, improve housing conditions, and promote the development of affordable housing

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

• A Great Society act that aimed to improve educational opportunities for disadvantaged students by providing federal funding to schools.

Silent Spring

• a book written by Rachel Carson criticizing the lack of clean air and water laws relating to pesticides. 

Immigration Act of 1965

• An act that ended the ethnic quota acts of the 1920s favoring Europeans, opening the US to immigrants from anywhere. 

Martin Luther King Jr.

• Black Civil Rights leader committed to nonviolent protests against civil rights.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

• A letter written by MLK Jr. criticizing violent Black Americans and supporting the nonviolent cause, calling on America’s constitutions to justify integration of Black and white children nationwide.

March on Washington

• Over 200k Black and White Americans joined Martin Luther King Jr. in a peaceful march on Washington in which King delivered his “I have a dream” speech

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• An act that banned racial segregation in all public places, enforced desegregation in schools, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

24th Amendment

• Abolished the poll tax that had discouraged the poor from voting.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Abolished literacy tests for voters and aided in the registration of Black voters in the deep South.

Malcolm X

• Black Muslim leader who preached black separatism and national pride instead of integration with white people

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• A civil rights organization where young activists coordinated nonviolent protests and efforts to challenge segregation and discrimination.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

• A civil rights organization that played a major role in the Civil Rights Movement by organizing nonviolent protests to challenge racial segregation and promote racial equality.

Stokely Carmichael

• A black activist who advocated for black racial separatism and black power in economics, popular for his Black Power slogan and leadership in the SNCC and Black Panther Party.

Black Panthers

• A civil rights organization that challenged police brutality and systemic racism against African Americans.

Watts

• A black neighborhood in Los Angeles where a six-day race riot left 34 dead and hundreds of buildings destroyed

Kerner Commission

• A commission that investigated the race riots of the late 1960s and concluded that racism and segregation were the chief causes as the Black and White population of the nation grew “separate and unequal” from each other

De Facto Segregation

• Segregationist ideals continued by law in the South that had migrated racist attitudes towards integration into the North and West

Betty Friedan 

• Author of the Feminine Mystique.

The Feminine Mystique

• A book that inspired women to fulfill professional jobs outside the home.

Equal Pay Act of 1963

• A federal law that aimed to eliminate wage discrimination based on gender by ensuring that men and women receive equal pay for equal work.

Title IX

• An act that protected the rights of girls who attended federally-funded schools, notably by expanding their athletic opportunities.

Equal Rights Amendment

• An amendment that proposed that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied by the US on account of sex

Cesar Chavez

• A prominent labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the UFW, advocating for better working conditions, higher wages, and labor rights for farm workers.

Warren Court

• The court led by Earl Warren where he prioritized individual rights and ruling on cases concerning the criminal justice system and state governments

Gideon v. Wainwright

• Required the states to provide an attorney to poor defendants.

Miranda v. Arizona

• Required police to inform the arrested of their right to remain silent.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

• A radical student organization in the early 1960s that advocated for civil rights, anti-war activism, and greater political participation, prominent in the New Left movement.

New Left

• A political movement that sought to address social inequalities, promote civil rights, oppose the Vietnam War, and advocate for a more participatory democracy.

Counterculture

• A movement of young people where an explosion of the hippie era emerged through folk and rock music, long hair, beads, jeans, and drug use.

Three Mile Island

• a power plant that faced an accident leading to opposition against building additional nuclear power plants.

Environmental Protection Act (EPA)

• An independent federal agency that enforced federal programs and policies on air and water pollution, radiation issues, pesticides, and solid waste.

Clean Air Act

• An act that regulated air emissions from both stationary and mobile sources and authorized the EPA.

Clean Water Act

• An act that cleaned up toxic waste from former industrial cities.

Climate change

• An environmental issue that sparked public opinion in the 1970s, fueling that conservation movement.

Silent majority

• A term used on conservative Americans that disagreed with the liberal drift of their party, whom Nixon appealed to in the election.

Southern strategy

• Nixon’s tool to win over the South that was more socially conservative and where political power shifted. 

Watergate

• a scandal involving Nixon and 26 White house officials where Nixon’s committee broke into the Democratic national headquarters’ office and performed a series of illegal activities after.

Impeachment

• A constitutional process where a president is removed from office after a congressional voting.

Gerald Ford

• The first unelected president that’s best known for controversially granting Nixon a pardon for his role in the Watergate scandal.

Jimmy Carter

• President in 1976 that ended the imperial presidency, impressing average Americans with his humanity.

Roe v. Wade

• A law that allowed women access to abortions and viewed its restriction as a violation of a woman’s right to privacy.

Televangelists

• religious leaders that preached their beliefs on television in the 1980s.

Moral Majority

• A group that financed campaigns to unseat liberal members in Congress

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Unit 9:

Ronald Reagan

• president that represents the Republican party, who was well-liked by Americans and won the election in 1980.

Supply-side economics/”Reaganomics” 

• a type of economy where tax cuts and reduced gov’t spending would increase investment by the private sector, leading to increased production, jobs, and prosperity.

Deregulation

• Federal regulations on business and industry was reduced

Sandra Day O’Connor

• the first woman on the Supreme Court who served as a conservative judge, hired by President Reagan.

George H.W. Bush

• Reagan’s Vice President who was elected as the Republican Party’s presidential candidate– appealed to his voters by promising not to raise taxes and increasing national defense.

Americans with Disabilities Act

• An act in 1990 that prohibited discrimination against citizens with physical and mental disabilities in hiring, transportation, and public accommodation.

District of Columbia v. Heller

• a case that ruled that the 2nd Amendment provides for the right to possess a firearm without service in a militia.

“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”

• A policy that allowed for LGBT members to join the army as long as they didn’t disclose their sexual orientation.

Obergefell v. Hodges

• ruled that the 14th Amendment protects the rights of same-sex couples to marry.

Mikhail Gorbachev

• leader of the Soviet Union during Reagan’s presidency who contributed to the end of the Cold War.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

• A plan for building a high-tech system of lasers and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach US territory – star wars.

Nicaragua

• The nation that the US helped to overcome their communist regime during the takeover of the Sandinista movement.

Contras

• a militia that Reagan helped to dislodge Nicaragua’s leading movement, the Sandinistas.

Grenada

• A small Caribbean island where a coup led to the establishment of a pro-Cuban regime. 

Iran-Contra Affair

• Reagan’s administration’s efforts to aid the Contras led to troubles with Iran due to their use of the profits of the arms deal with Iran to fund their support.

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

• an organization of fighters that attempted to raid Israel during 1982.

Glasnost

• openness to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for his citizens

Perestroika

• restructuring of the Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices

Tiananmen Square

• The square where pro-democracy students and workers demonstrated for freedom and the movement was crushed by the Chinese Communist gov’t.

Berlin Wall

• The hated symbol of the Cold War which was torn down to force the Communists in East Germany out of power.

START I

• an agreement that reduced the number of nuclear warheads for each side.

START II

• an agreement that reduced the number of nuclear weapons for each side.

European Union

• a unified market of 15 nations that adopted a single currency– euros.

Vladimir Putin

• president of Russia in 2000 that came after Yeltsin.

Election of 1992

• The election between George W. H. Bush, Bill Clinton and Ross Perot where Bush was the victor during an era of economic prosperity and the end of the Cold War.

Bill Clinton

• presidential candidate of the Democratic party who focused on economic issues such as jobs, education, and health care. 

Republican Revolution

• an organized effort to promote a short list of policy priorities called the “Contract with America”

Internet 

• an online network that was one of the technological innovations in the nation during the peacetime economic expansion era. 

Top 1 percent

George W. Bush

• presidential candidate of the Republican Party, calling for unilateralism and preemptive war.

Bush v. Gore

• A Supreme Court case that overruled the Florida Supreme Court, making Bush win the election of 2000.

September 11, 2001

• an attack on the twin towers by Al-Qaeda terrorists using airplanes, leading to the death of thousands.

USA PATRIOT Act

• An act that gave the US gov’t unparalleled powers to obtain information and to expand surveillance and arrest powers. 

Bush Doctrine

• The viewpoint on the policy of containment being ineffective in a world of stateless terrorism.

Arab Spring

• a wave of protests across the Middle East and North Africa fighting for freedom from their regimes.

Great Recession

• An economic downfall caused by housing precise dropping, the stock market declined, financial institutions started failing and gas prices soared.