tourism
International Date Line
IDL: 180° line of longitude.
Location: Close to New Zealand.
Function: Imaginary line separating two calendar days.
Latitude and Longitude
Latitudes: Lines running from west to east across the Earth.
Note: Lat = Flat.
Longitudes: Lines running vertically from north to south.
Note: Long = stand tall.
Equator: Line of latitude that divides Earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Unit 24: Introduction to a World Time Zone Map
Important Notes:
Time zones are determined by the standard time of a country.
Countries east of UTC are ahead in time (+) and those west are behind (-).
Some countries have multiple time zones.
Some countries use decimal time zones (e.g., +6.5).
Explanation: The 0.5 represents 30 minutes.
Daylight Saving Time (DST) is not represented on the map.
Follow shaded areas to determine applicable time zones (e.g., +02 for Central African Time).
Page 2: Symptoms and Prevention of Jet Lag
Symptoms of jet lag:
Indigestion
Disturbed sleeping patterns
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Irritability
Anxiety
Sweating
Generally feeling unwell
How to prevent jet lag:
Before the flight:
Change sleep routine; go to bed earlier.
Ensure adequate sleep.
Maintain calmness.
Take medication if necessary.
During the flight:
Drink plenty of fluids.
Rest during flight.
Avoid caffeine and alcohol.
Stay active; walk around in the cabin.
Adjust watch to destination time.
After the flight:
Drink lots of water.
Get sufficient sleep.
Adapt to destination's time; adjust watch accordingly.
Page 3: Calculating World Times When Traveling
Unit 27: Arrival, Departure, and Flying Times Calculations
Steps to Calculate Time:
Locate two countries/cities on a map. Write down their time zones on a timeline. If DST is in practice, move the country one hour to the right.
Determine the hour difference between the two countries.
Establish which country's time you need to determine. Identify if it is east or west from the original country.
If it's east, ADD the time difference; if west, SUBTRACT the time difference.
Step 5: Additional Calculations for Travel Time and Stop Over Time
Traveling Time: ADD traveling time.
Stop Over Time: ADD stop over time.
When to Use Which Steps:
For actual time in another country: Steps 1 - 4.
To calculate departure/arrival time: Steps 1 - 4 AND Step 5.
To calculate departure/arrival with a stopover: Repeat Steps 1 - 4, Step 5, then Steps 1 - 4, Step 5.
Page 4: Daylight Saving Time (DST)
Unit 25
DST is used by some countries during summer months.
Clocks are adjusted one hour earlier (e.g., 02:00 becomes 01:00).
Reasons for DST:
Extra daylight hours in the evening for leisure.
Benefits tourism businesses due to increased recreational activities.
Promotes domestic tourism.
Job creation due to extended business hours leading to increased demand.
Saves electricity as people return home earlier, completing chores without artificial light.
Leads to fewer accidents with travel occurring in daylight.
Cooler morning hours result in enhanced productivity.
Provides families with more free time together.
Reduction in crime rates observed.
Unit 26: Impacts of Time Zones and DST on Travel Planning
Important for travelers to be informed of the time at their destination.
Knowing destination time is crucial for scheduling appointments.
Communication with those at home requires consideration of time differences.
Page 5: Customs Regulations
Financial Restrictions When Traveling:
Allowable amounts:
R25,000 of banknotes.
Unlimited travelers' cheques.
USD 10,000 worth of foreign exchange allowed.
R160,000 per calendar year for exportation.
R50,000 for persons under 12 years.
Role of Customs Officers:
Regulate immigration.
Control the movement of citizens.
Ensure correct visa fees have been paid.
Collect customs taxes and duties.
Prevent smuggling of drugs, weapons, endangered species, and other illegal materials.
Control the spread of human and animal diseases.
Page 6: World Time Zones
Unit 23: Time Zone Concepts
Definition of Time Zone:
A time zone is a region that uses the same time for all business, legal, and social purposes.
Some countries may occupy multiple time zones.
Universal Time Coordinate (UTC):
Identified at 0° longitude.
Countries align their time based on London's time (0°).
Earth Rotation:
The Earth rotates around the sun, moving 15° each hour, completing a full 360° in 24 hours.
Hemispheres:
Equator: Divides Earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Greenwich Meridian: Divides Earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Standard Time:
The designated time zone a country observes.
Example: South Africa adheres to 30° East longitude and is at UTC+2 (2 hours ahead of UTC).
Local Time:
Time according to geographic location in relation to the sun.
Example: The Western Cape has a later sunrise and sunset compared to Gauteng.
Page 7: Customs Channel Regulations
Tourists: Typically move through customs quickly.
Red Channel:
Designated for individuals carrying prohibited items or exceeding customs limit.
Example goods: Weapons, plants, excessive amounts of alcohol/tobacco.
Must declare these items to customs officials, requiring proper documentation.
Travel Allowances:
Allowable goods for entry without declaration or duties:
200 cigarettes, 20 cigars, 250g tobacco.
2 liters of wine, 1 liter of spirits.
50ml perfume, 250ml eau de toilette.
New, used, or duty-free goods valued at R5,000.
Page 8: Types of Visas
Categories of Visas:
Transit Visa: Required for layovers in a transit country.
Working Visa: Grants permission to work in a foreign country.
Medical Visa: Allows for medical procedures in another country.
Holiday Visa: Enables travel for tourism purposes.
Schengen Visa:
Region: Comprises 26 European countries, allowing free movement within the area.
Not necessary if traveling to only one country within this area.
Customs Concepts
Key Definitions:
Duty Free Goods:
Goods exempt from tax (duty), commonly found in airports and on airplanes.
Prohibited Goods:
Items that are illegal to bring into a country (e.g., weapons, drugs, animal/material restrictions).
Customs Channels:
Green Channel:
For travelers bringing in no prohibited goods and within customs regulation limits.
Page 9: Documentation for Children Traveling
Requirements:
IDs of parents or guardians.
Death certificate if a parent is deceased.
Court appointment letter for guardians if applicable.
Types of Passports:
Tourist Passport: Standard passport for tourism, valid for 10 years for those 16 and older, 5 years for children under 16.
Temporary Passport: Urgent travel needs, valid for 12 months.
Official Passport: For government officials, valid for 5 years.
Crew Member Certificate: Valid while in service.
Emergency Travel Certificate: Valid for 9 months in emergencies.
Maxi Tourist Passport: For frequent travelers with 48 pages, valid for 10 years.
Passport Application Requirements:
Submission of a visa application form, valid passport, 2 passport photos, visa fee, and proof of return airline tickets.
Page 10: Travel Documentation
Required Documents:
Valid passport.
Valid visa.
Health certificate (not a doctor's letter) for cholera and yellow fever.
International Driver's Permit (IDP) if driving.
Page 11: Infectious Diseases and Prevention
Disease | Ways to Contract | Prevention |
|---|---|---|
Malaria | Mosquito bite carrying parasite | Anti-malaria tablets, light clothing, repellent |
Cholera | Consuming infected food/water | Boil water, avoid questionable sources |
Bilharzia | Contact with water containing the parasite | Avoid swimming, heat bath water before use |
Page 12: Safety Precautions for Travelers
Recommendations:
General:
Do not flaunt valuables.
Respect local cultures.
Be aware of surroundings.
Familiarize with local police services.
Stick to busy areas, especially after dark.
Public Transport:
Ensure cell phone is charged.
Travel lightly.
Wear light-colored clothing.
Page 13: Health and Safety
Theories on Health and Safety:
WHO: Provides health advice tailored for tourists. Established April 7, 1948.
Health Certificates: Verify vaccinations and health precautions.
Travel Clinic: Provides medical services to tourists. Found at airports or major cities.
Vaccination Insights:
Compulsory Vaccinations: Required for travel; refusal may prevent entry to destination.
Recommended Vaccinations: Optional but advisable for protection against diseases.
Examples: Tetanus, Hepatitis A and B, Yellow Fever, and others.
Page 14: Impact on International Tourism
Unforeseen Events and Examples:
Natural disasters: tsunamis, earthquakes, cyclones, bushfires.
Economic issues: world recession, economic crises.
Accidents: plane crashes, bus accidents.
Diseases: Ebola, COVID-19, Zika virus.
Impacts on Tourism:
Results in decreased tourists and loss of revenue.
May lead to business closures and increased unemployment.
Major health risks should add to investor caution.
Page 15: Safety Considerations
Street Safety:
Conceal valuables and utilize cards instead of cash.
Stay in groups and avoid strangers.
Vehicle Safety:
Lock car doors and windows; plan routes in advance.
Hotel Safety:
Do not leave luggage unattended and ensure room doors are locked.
Airport Safety:
Secure personal belongings and don’t ask strangers for help.
Page 16: Political Situations and Unforeseen Occurrences
Concepts:
Political Situation:
Results from issues with a country's government (e.g., protests, coups).
Unforeseen Occurrences:
Unexpected events causing disruption (e.g., natural disasters).
Page 17: Advantages and Disadvantages for Host Countries
Advantages:
Increase in tourists and foreign revenue.
Boosts publicity and infrastructure development.
Skills development and job creation.
Disadvantages:
Traffic congestion and cultural compromise.
Increased crime and pollution.
Inconveniences for locals due to tourist influx.
Page 18: Classifying Global Events
Criteria for Global Event Status:
Multi-country participation and attention.
Requires substantial investment and infrastructure.
Generates significant profit potential.
Impacts of Global Events on Tourism:
Economic:
Positive impacts: Higher GDP and economic benefits.
Negative impacts: Over-investment risks decreasing profitability.
Social:
Positive: Skills development and cultural showcase.
Negative: Cultural disrespect and crime increases.
Environmental:
Positive: Investment in environmental protection.
Negative: Mass tourism stress on the environment.
Page 19: Global Event Overview
Definition:
A global event has international appeal focusing on sports or significant gatherings.
Types of Events:
Sporting: FIFA World Cup, Olympic Games.
Non-sporting: Climate summits, G7 meetings.
Page 20: Domestic Tourism Impact Due to Global Events
Trends:
Pre-Event: Decrease in domestic tourism due to infrastructure work.
During Event: Increased prices and congestion.
Post-Event: Limited funding, increased prices from upgrades.
Positive Growth:
Employment opportunities during events.
Local tourism participation in unique experiences.
Improved infrastructure and service standards following events.
Page 21: Section Recap: Political and Global Events
Political Situation and Unforeseen Occurrences:
Political issues causing unrest (e.g., government actions).
Unexpected events impacting travel and tourism significantly.
Page 22: Social and Environmental Effects
Social Impacts:
Positive: Job creation and funding availability for social projects.
Negative: Risks of cultural conflict and superficiality during events.
Environmental Impacts:
Positive: Increased environmental awareness.
Negative: Overuse of resources and pollution.
Page 23: Summary of Disease Impact on Tourism
Unforeseen Occurrences:
Connection between diseases (Ebola, COVID-19) and tourism fluctuations.
Noteworthy examples include natural disasters and economic crises.