Final Modern History

Permanent Madate Commission  

A commission created by he League of Nations to oversee the developed nations’ fulfillment of their international responsibility toward their mandates 

Balfour Declaration  

A 1917 statement by British foreigm secretary Arthur Balfour that supported the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine  

Zaibatsu  

Giant conglomerate firms established in Japan beginning in the Meiji period and lasting until the end of World War II 

Long March 

The 6 000-mile retreat of the Chinese Communist army in 1934 to a remote region on the northwestern border of China, during which tens of thousands lost their lives 

New Deal 

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's plan to reform capitalism in the United States through forceful government intervention in the economy 

Totalitarianism 

A radical dictatorship that exercises complete plitical power and control over all aspects of society and seeks to mobilize the masses for action 

Fascism 

A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, anti-socialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military 

Collectivization  

Stalin's forcible consolidation, beginning in 1929, of individual peasant farms in the Soviet Union into large, state-controlled enterprises 

Nazism 

A movement born of extreme nationalism and racism and dominated by Adolf Hitler from 1933 until the end of World War II in 1945 

Europe First Policy 

The military strategy, set forth by Chruchill ad adopted by Roosevelt, that called for the defeat of Hitler in Europe before the United States launched an all-out strike against Japan in the Pacific

Cold war 

The post-World War II conflict betweent eh United States and the Soviet Union 

Truman Doctrine 

The 1945 American policy of preventing the spread of Communist Rule  

Marshall Plan 

A 1948 American plan for providing economic aid to Europe to help it rebuild after World War II 

Modernization theory 

The belief, held in countries such as the United States in the mid-twentieth century, that all countries evolved in a linear progression from traditional to mature  

Liberation theology 

A movement within the Catholic Church to support the poor in situations of exploitation that emerged with particular force in Latin America in the 1960s 

Arab socialism  

A modernizing, secular, and nationalist project of nation building in the Middle East aimed at economic development and the development of a strong military  

Great leap Forward 

Mao Zedong's acceleration of Chinese development in which industrial growth was to be based on small-scale backyard workshops run by peasants living in gigantic self-contained communes 

Pan-Africanists 

People who, through a movement beginning in 1919, sought black solidarity and envisioned a vast self-governing union of all African peoples.  

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)  

A cartel formed in 1960 by oil-exporting countries designed to coordinate oil production and raise prices, giving those countries greater capacity for economic development ad greater leverage in world affairs 

Neoliberalism  

A return beginning in the 1980s to policies intended to promote free markets and the free circulation of capital across national borders  

Intifada  

Beginning in 1987 a prolonged campaign of civil disobedience by Palestinian youth against Israeli soldiers; the Arabic word Intifada means ‘shaking off’ 

Junta  

A government headed by a council of commanders of the branches of the armed forces 

Apartheid  

The system of racial segregation and discrimination that was supported by te Afrikaner government in South Africa 

Tiananmen Square 

The site of a Chinese student revolt in 1989 at which Communists imposed martial law and arrested, injured or killed hundreds of students 

Détente  

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the late 1960s and early 1970s 

Glasnost  

Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev's popular campaign for government transparency and more open media  

Perestroika  

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev that permitted an easing of government price controls on some goods, more independence for state enterprises, and the establishment of profit-seeking private cooperatives  

Solidarity  

Led by Lech Watesa, and independent Polish trade union organized in 1980 that worked for the rights of workers and political reform.