HOA (PH)

Early Philippine Shelters

  • Caves

  • Rock-hewn structures

  • Lean-to

  • Tree houses

Tabon Cave Complex

  • Located in Lipuun Point, Palawan

  • Prehistoric cave shelters were the earliest form of human habitation

  • Tabon cave was the site to first establish the presence of humans in the Philippines during the Pleistocene

Idjang Batanes

  • Rock-hewn fortresses

Pinanahang

  • Lean-to of the Agta of Palanan

  • Constructed along the principle of tripod

  • Hawong used by the Pinatubo Aeta; has no living platform; forms two sloping sides with one or both ends left open

Kalinga Tree House

  • Built as safeguard from night-time ambushes by tribal enemies or wild predators

Pre-Colonial Vernacular Architecture

  • Builders are non-professional; they are typically the owners/users too

  • Use of natural materials abundant in their locality

  • Actual process of construction involves intuitive thinking

  • Association of symbolism and meaning

  • Styles are specific to an ethnic domain

Domestic Structures

  • Archetypal tropical characteristics of Southeast Asian domestic architecture:

    • An elevated living floor

    • Buoyant rectangular volume

    • Raised pile foundation

    • Voluminous thatched roof

Binuron

  • Traditional Isneg house

  • Roof suggests an inverted hull

  • Exposed floor joists outside suggest the profile of a boat

  • Datag or Xassaran, main section

  • Tamuyon, slightly raised platform on three sides

Binayon

  • Finaryon Traditional Kalinga house

  • Octagonal in plan; exterior features are not strongly defined

  • Dataggon, central section

  • Sipi, slightly elevated side sections

Fay-u

  • Traditional Bontoc house

  • For the affluent

  • Katyufong, dwelling for the poor

  • Kol-lob, residence of widows or unmarried old women; can also be called katyufong

Inagamang

  • Traditional Bontoc House in Sagada

  • Agamang, upper level granary

  • Afong, general term for a family residence

  • Ato, council house and dormitory of the young and old unmarried males.

  • Ulog or olog, female dormitory

Bale

  • Fale. Traditional Ifugao house

  • For the affluent

  • Abong, dwelling for the poor

  • Support system: four posts, two girders, three joists or beams

  • Halipan, rat guard

  • "The house as a womb"

Binangiyan

  • Traditional Kankanai house

  • For the wealthy

  • Apa or inapa, for poorer families; temporary abode

  • Allao, more temporary

Rakuh

  • Traditional Ivatan house

  • Thick thatch, walls mortared with stone or plastered with white lime

  • Wooden post and lintel framework is implanted in the walls

Bahay kubo

  • Traditional lowland dwelling

  • Northern and central regions

  • "The passively-cooled house"

    • Porous surfaces

    • Horizontality of windows

    • Roof and window overhangs

    • Surrounding gardens

Interior Spaces

  • Primary spaces:

    • Living room

    • Kitchen and service area (dapogan, banggerahan, and batalan)

  • Secondary spaces:

    • Dining

    • Silong and balkon

    • Bedrooms

Lepa

  • Traditional Badjao boat-house

  • No outriggers, roofed, loose and detachable structure

  • Djenging, has outriggers, roofed, walled in on all sides by wooden boards

  • Dapang or Vinta, not roofed, only used for fishing and short trips

Luma

  • Traditional Badjao landhouse

  • Harun, stairs where women often wash clothes and kitchen utensils

Bay Sinug

  • Traditional Tausug house

  • House building can be construed as corresponding to the birth of a human

  • Adherence to the sequence of post erection will guarantee the durability of the house and safety of its inhabitants

  • Tadjuk pasung finials

Torogan

  • Traditional Maranao house

  • Ancestral residence of the datu and his extended family

  • Mala-a-walai, traditional large house

  • Lawig, small house

  • The panolong (decorative beam ends) are often with pako rabong and naga carvings

  • Lamin, lady's dormitory tower

Spanish Colonial Architecture

  • Focus on church building and other colonial infrastructures to urbanize the country

  • Instruments of urbanism

    • Reducción and Encomienda system

    • System of cities and towns

    • Laws of the Indies

    • Colonial infrastructures

Reducción

  • Forced urbanization and resettlement

  • The formerly scattered barangays were brought together and reduced in number and made into compact and larger communities to facilitate religious conversion and cultural change

  • Bajo de las campana, under the sound of the bells

Encomienda

  • The colony was divided into parcels assigned to a Spanish colonist (encomendero) who was mandated to "allocate, allot or distribute" the resources of the domain

System of Cities and Towns

  • The institution of a hierarchical settlement system

  • Cabecera (city) or poblacion (town), core of the municipality

  • Barrios, adjacent barangays

Intramuros, The Walled City

  • Patterned after the walled fortresses of Europe

  • Reserved for the nobility and the clergy

  • Insulares, Spanish-born nationals

  • Peninsulares, Philippine-born nationals

Extramuros

  • Living beyond the walls

    • Pueblos, villages outside the walls

    • Parian, a separate urban quarter designated to the Chinese community

    • Dilao, Japanese community

The Laws of the Indies, 1573

  • Characteristics:

    • Elevated location

    • An orderly grid of streets (cuadricula)

    • A central plaza, a defensive wall, and zones for churches, shops, government buildings, hospitals, and slaughterhouses

  • Encapsulates the classicist theories of urban design proposed by Vitruvius and Alberti

Plaza Complex

  • Grid pattern of streets with the main plaza at the center surrounded by various buildings.

  • Main plaza is surrounded by the church, the tribunal, other government buildings, and the marketplace.

Page 41:

  • Plaza de Roma. Plaza complex of Intramuros.

Colonial Infrastructures

  • introduced new building typologies and construction technology.

Churches

  • were built as edifices for religious conversion.

Parts of a Church:

  • Altar mayor, main altar.

  • Sagrario, tabernacle.

  • Pulpito, pulpit.

  • Retablo, elaborately ornamented altar screen.

  • Sacristia, where the priest and his assistants put on their robes before the mass.

  • Coro, choir loft.

  • Tribunas, screened gallery.

Church Complex:

  • Church

  • Convento, parish house or rectory.

  • Campanarios, bell towers.

San Agustin Church

  • Intramuros, Manila.

  • The Church of the Immaculate Conception of San Agustin.

  • First church to be built in Luzon.

  • Only structure in Intramuros to survive WWII.

  • High Baroque style retablo.

  • Ceiling paintings in the trompe l'oeil style.

  • Chinese fu dogs at the entrance.

Paoay Church

  • Paoay, llocos Norte.

  • Saint Augustine Church.

  • Most outstanding example in the Philippines of Earthquake Baroque'.

Paoay Church

  • Paoay, llocos Norte.

  • Distinct features include:

    • 14 contrafuertes (buttresses) ranged along the lines of a giant volute supporting a smaller one and surmounted by pyramidal finials.

    • Upper walls constructed of coral stone, the upper levels in bricks.

    • A separate massive coral stone belltower.

Miag-ao Church

  • Miag-ao, lloilo.

  • Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church.

  • Stands on the highest point of Miag-ao, its towers serving as lookouts against Muslim raids.

  • Finest surviving example of Fortress Baroque'.

  • The facade epitomizes the Filipino transfiguration of western decorative elements.

  • The façade is flamked by massive tapering belltowers of unequal height.

Santa Maria Church

  • Santa Maria, llocos Sur.

  • Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción.

  • Situated on a hill surrounded by a defensive wall.

  • Unlike most traditional churches sitting on the central plaza.

  • Separate pagoda-like bell tower at the midpoint of the nave wall.

  • The brick walls are devoid of ornament but have delicately carved side entrances and strong buttresses.

Conservation

  • legislations ensure the proper safeguarding, protection, conservation, management, and use of religious structures.

  • RA 10066 (National Heritage Law)

  • RA 10086 (National Historical Commission of the Philippines Law)

Fortresses

  • characterized by heavy stone walls, moats, and grid road layouts.

  • Bastions, keeps, and watchtowers were also built to cover blind spots.

Fort Santiago

  • Intramuros, Manila.

  • Parts of a Fort:

    • Cortinas, thick perimeter walls.

    • Bastiones or baluartes, four-sided bulwarks skirting the cortinas on both ends.

    • Foso, moat.

    • Casamatas, stone embrasures where artilleries were propped up.

Institutional Buildings

  • represented the colonial institutions under Spanish governance.

Ayuntamiento

  • Intramuros, Manila.

  • Also known as Casa del Ayuntamiento, Casa del Cabildo, Casa Consistorial, or Casa Real.

  • Housed several administrative offices and archives.

Palacio Real

  • Intramuros, Manila.

  • Also known as Palacio del Gobernador General.

  • Residence of the highest official of the land.

  • Malacanang Palace, the summer residence of the Governor General.

Schools:

  • University of Sto. Tomas, Manila.

  • Oldest established university in Asia.

  • Colegio or universidad, found in urban areas.

  • Escuela primaria, found in different pueblos.

Domestic Structures

  • reflecting the differences in social class.

Accesorias

  • Apartment dwellings.

  • Evolved from the need of migrant laborers for cheap housing in commercial and industrial areas.

  • Vivienda, each unit; has a zaguan, sala, and sleeping quarters.

Bahay na Bato

  • housing prototype.

  • Combined elements of the indigenous and Hispanic building traditions.

  • Prevented the dangers posed by fire, earthquakes, and cyclones.

  • Arquitectura mestiza, a new hybrid type of construction combining wood and stone.

Characteristics of a Bahay na bato:

  • Generally has two storeys, at times three.

  • Ground floor made of cut stone or brick, the upper of wood.

  • Windows: ground floor, grillworks; second floor, sliding shutters with capiz shells or glass panels.

  • Capped by a high hip roof with a 45-degree-angle pitch.

Parts of a Bahay na bato:

  • Ground Floor:

    • Cochera, driveway or garage.

    • Zaguan, vestibule or storage; usually for the caroza.

    • Entresuelo, mezzanine area, for swefo mesita offices or servants' quarters.

    • Cuadra, horse stables.

    • Cocina, kitchen.

Parts

  • Escalera, wooden staircase.

  • Second floor.

    • Caida or ante-sala, interior overhanging veranda; most immediate room from the stairs.

    • Sala, living room.

    • Baño, bathroom.

    • Latrina, toilet.

    • Cocina, kitchen.

    • Comedor, dining area.

    • Azotea, outdoor terrace, located beside a balon or over an aljibe (water cistern).

    • Cuarto, bedroom.

Parts

  • Galeria volada or corredor, flying wooden gallery.

  • Oratorio, praying area.

  • Callado, wooden fretwork on top of partitions.

  • Pasamano, window sill.

  • Ventanillas, vents beneath the window sill which reach to the floor.

  • Barandillas,