key terms

● A logically consistent set of statements that explains a phenomenon of interest → Theory

● What actors want to achieve through political action; their preferences I'm on the possible outcomes that might result from their political choices → Interests

● The ways in which the choices of two or more actors combined to produce political outcomes → interactions

● Sets of rules (known and shared by the relevant community) that structure interactions in specific ways → institutions

● An interaction in which two or more axes must decide how to distribute something of value → bargaining: and bargaining, increasing one actor's share of the good decreases of share available to others

● An interaction in which two or more actors adapt policies that make at least one act a better off relative to the status quo without making others worse off → cooperation

● The absence of essential authority with the ability to make and enforce laws that buying all actors → Anarchy

● An economic doctrine based on a belief that military power and economic influence complemented each other; applied especially in colonial empires in the 16th through 18th centuries → Mercantilism: mercantilist policies favored the mother country over its colonies are over its competitors

● The settlement that ended the 30 years' war in 1648; often said to have created the modern state system because it included a general recognition of the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention → peace of Westphalia

● Expectation of states have legal and political supremacy — or ultimate authority — within their territorial boundaries → Sovereignty

● The predominance of one nation state over others → Hegemony

● "British peace", a century long period, beginning the Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815 and ending with the outbreak of World War I in 1914, during which Britain's economic and diplomatic influence contributed to economic openness and relative peace → Pax Britannica

● The monetary system that prevailed between about 1870 and 1914, in which countries tied the currencies to gold at a legally fixed price → The gold standard

● The peace treaty between the allies and Germany that formerly ended World War I on June 28th 1919 → Treaty of Versailles

● A collective security organization founded in 1919 after World War I → The League of Nations: The league ended in 1946 on was replaced by the United Nations

● An alliance formed in 1949 among the United States, Canada and most of the states of Western Europe in response to the threats posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance requires its members to consider an attack on any one of them as an attack on all → NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

● The economic order negotiated among allied nations at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, which led to a series of cooperative arrangements involving a commitment to relatively low barriers to international trade and investment → The Bretton Woods system

● A military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere; dissolved on March 31st 1991, as a cold war ended → The Warsaw Pact

● The process of colonial possessions winning independence, especially during the rapid end of the European empires in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean between the 1940s and the 1960s → Decolonization

● The basic unit for the analysis of international politics; can be either individuals or groups of people with common interests → actors

● Essential authority that has the ability to make an enforced laws, rules and decisions within specified territory → state

● Interest attributed to the state itself, usually security and power → national interests

● The ways in which the choices of two or more actors combined to produce political outcomes → Interactions

● A type of cooperative interaction in which actors benefit from all making the same choices and subsequently have no incentive not to comply → Coordination

● A type of cooperative interaction in which actors gain from working together but nonetheless have incentives not to comply with any agreement → collaboration

● Products that are nonexcludable and non-rival in consumption, such as national defense or clean Air or water → public goods

● Obstacles to cooperation that occur when actors have incentives to collaborate but each acts with the expectation that others will pay the costs of cooperation → collective action problems

● Repeated interactions with the same partners → iteration

● The linking of cooperation on one issue to interactions on a second issue → linkage

● The ability of actor aid to get actor b to do something that beat would otherwise not do; just to get the other side to make concessions and to avoid having to make concessions oneself → power

● A strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other actors in order to induce a change in their behavior → coercion

● The alternatives to bargaining with a specific actor → outside options

● Actions taken before or during bargaining that make the reversion outcome more favorable for one party → agenda setting

● a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups → Populism

● Innovative of an organized use the military force by at least two parties that reaches a minimum threshold of severity → war

● A war in which the man participants are States. Compare civil war → interstate war

● A war in which the man participants are within the same state such as the government and the rebel group. compare interstate war and terrorism → civil war

● A dilemma that arises when efforts that states make to defend themselves cause other states to feel less secure; can lead to arms races and war because of the fear of being attacked → security dilemma

● A bargaining interaction in which at least one actor threatens to use force in the event that is demands are not met. Compare coercive diplomacy → Crisis bargaining

● The use of threats to advance specific demands in a bargaining interaction → coercive diplomacy

● The set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer over the reversion outcome. When the reversion outcome is war, the bargaining range is the set of deals that both sides prefer over war → bargaining range

● An effort to change the status quo through the threat of force → compellence

● An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force → deterrence

● The situation in which actors and a strategic interaction lack information about the other actors interest and or capabilities → incomplete information

● The willingness of an actor to endure cost in order to acquire a particular good → resolve

● In crisis bargaining, the trade-off between trying to get a better deal and trying to avoid a war → risk return trade off

● Believability. A credible threat is a threat that the target believes will be carried out. A credible commitment as a commitment or promise that the recipient believes will be honored → credibility

● A strategy in which adversaries take actions that increase the risk of accidental war, with the hope that the other will blink loses nerve first then make concessions → brinkmanship

● Negative repercussions for failing to follow through on a threat or to honor a commitment → audience costs

● A warfare with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming stronger in the future. Preventative wars arise because the State lose power is increasing cannot commit not to exploit that power and future bargaining interactions → preventative war

● The situation that arises when military technology, military strategies, and/or geography give a significant advantage to whichever State a tax first in a war → first strike advantage

● A warfare with the anticipation that an attack by the other side is eminent → Preemptive war

● A good that cannot be divided without destroying its value → indivisible good

● A political ideology that prioritizes attachment to one's nation, where nations are groups defined by common origin, ethnicity, language, or cultural ties → Nationalism

● The collection of organizations, including the military, diplomatic corpse, and intelligent agencies, that carry out most tasks of governance within the state → Bureaucracy

● Groups of individuals with common interests that organized to influence public policy in a manner that benefits their members → Interest groups

● People's tendency to become more supportive of their country's government in times of dramatic international events, such as crisis or wars → rally effect

● The temptation that state leaders have to start international crisis in order to rally public support at home → diversionary incentive

● And alliance between military leaders and the industries that benefit from international conflict, such as arms manufacturers → military industrial complex

● The observation that there were few, if any, clear cases of war between mature Democratic states → Democratic Peace

● A political system in which candidates compete for political office through frequent, Fair elections in which a sizable portion of the adult population can vote → democracy

● A political system in which an individual or small group exercises power with few constraints or no meaningful competition or participation by the general public → Autocracy

● The ability to punish our reward leaders for the decisions they make, as when frequent, Fair elections and they were voters to hold elected official responsible for their actions by granting or withholding access to political office → accountability

● Institution that helped in Memphis cooperate military in the event of a war → alliances

● A situation in which the military capabilities of two states or groups of states are roughly equal → balance of powers

● A strategy in which states join forces with the stronger side in the conflict → bandwangoning

● The condition of being dragged into unwanted war because of the opportunistic actions of an ally → entrapment

● An alliance phone in 1949 among the United states, canada, and most of the States of western Europe in response to the thread post by the Soviet union. The alliance requires members to consider an attack on one of them as an attack on all → NATO North Atlantic treaty organization

● A military alliance for in the 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union in his Cold war allies and Eastern Europe and elsewhere; dissolved on March 31st 1991, as the Cold war ended → Warsaw pact

● A collective security organization founded in 1919 after world war i. The league ended in 1946 and was replaced by the United Nations → The League of Nations

● A collective security organization founded in 1945 after world war ii. With over 190 members, the UN includes all recognized States → United Nations

● Broadbase institutions that promote peace and security among their members. Examples include the League of Nations and the United Nations → collective security organizations

● The intentional and systematic killing aimed at eliminated and identifiable group of people, such as an ethnic or religious group → Genocide

● Interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crisis stemming from civil conflicts or large-scale human rights abuses, including genocide → humanitarian intervention

● The main governing body of the UN which has the authority to identify threats to international Peace and security into prescribe the organization's response, include a military and/or economic sanctions → The UN Security Council

● The five permanent members of the UN security council: the United States Great Britain France Russia and China → permanent 5 p5

● The ability to prevent the passage of a measure through a unilateral act, such as a single negative vote → veto power

● A military operation in which forces used to make and or enforce peace among Waring parties that have not agreed to an end to their fighting → peace enforcement operation

● Operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a ceasefire or peace agreement → Peacekeeping operation

● A war in which the main participants are within the same state, such as a government and a rebel group → Civil war

● The use or threatened the use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or non-state groups for political ends → Terrorism

● Armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities, such as when rebel groups or terrorists fight Strong States → Asymmetric warfare

● An actor that seeks to create an independent state and territory carved from an existing state → Separatist

● An actor that seeks to detach a region from one country and attach it to another, usually because of shared ethnic or religious ties → Irredentist

● Conflicts in which two opposing states "fight" by supporting opposing sides in a war, such as the government and rebels in a third state → Proxy wars

● A military strategy in which small, often lightly armed units engage in hit and run attacks against military, government and civilian targets → insurgency

● Actors whose interests are not widely sharing by others, individuals or groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they make → extremists

● A strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other actors in order to induce a change in their behavior → Coercion

● A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terrorists' home society or in other sympathetic audiences → provocation

● A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists' home society → Spoiling

● A strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate superior capability and commitment relative to other groups devoted to the same cause → outbidding

● The ability of a country or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than it can produce other goods or services, such that it's resources are most efficiently employed in this activity. → Comparative advantage: the comparison is to the efficiency of other economic activities that the actor might undertake given all the products it can produce — not to the efficiency of other countries or firms

● The ability of a country or firm to produce more of a particular good or service than other countries or firms can produce with the same amount of effort and resources → absolute advantage

● A belief that national economic policy should encourage exports and discourage imports, and that the country should aim to run a trade surplus. → neo mercantilism: so-called in relationship to the classical mercantilism of the colonial powers, which aimed at running trade surpluses with their colonies

● The theory that a country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production in which it is well endowed. For example, a labor-rich country will export goods that make intensive use of labor → Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory

● The imposition of barriers to restrict imports → Protectionism

● Government limitations on the internal exchange of goods. Examples include tariffs, quantitative restrictions (quotas), import licenses, requirements that governments buy only domestically produced goods and health and safety standards that discriminate against foreign goods → trade barriers

● A tax imposed on imports → Tariff: tariffs raise the domestic price of the imported good and maybe applied for the purpose of protecting domestic producers from foreign competition

● A limit placed on the amount of a particular good that is allowed to be imported and sold domestically → quantitative restriction (quota)

● Obstacles to imports other than tariffs (trade taxes). Examples include restrictions on the number of products that can be imported (quantitative restrictions, or quotas); regulations that favor domestic over imported products; and other measures that discriminate against foreign goods or services. → Nontariff barriers to trade: "buy American" laws that govern what state and local governments can buy, for example, or an implicit — but nontariff — obstacle to the purchase of imports

● The Theorem that trade protection benefits the scarce factor of production. This view flows from the heckscher-ohlin theory: if a country imports goods that make intensive use of it scarce factor, then limiting imports will help that factor. So in a labor scarce country, labor benefits from protection and loses from trade liberalization → The Stolper-Samuelson theorem

● A model of trade relations that emphasizes the sector in which a production our employed rather than the nature of the factor itself. This differentiates it from the heckscher-ohlin baby, and what's the nature of the factor — Labor, land, capital — is the principal consideration → Ricardo-Viner (Specific factors) model

● In international trade relations, in mutual agreement to lower tariffs and other barriers to trade. → reciprocity: reciprocity involved an implicit or explicit arrangement for one government to exchange trade policy concessions with another

● A status established by most modern trade agreements guaranteeing that the signatories will extend to each other any favorable trading terms offered in agreements with third parties → Most favored nation (MFN) status

● An institution created in 1995 to succeed the GATT and to govern international trade relations → World Trade Organization (WTO): WTO encourages and polices the multilateral reduction of barriers to trade and it oversees the resolution of trade disputes

● An international institution created in 1947 in which member countries committed to reducing barriers to trade and providing similar trading conditions to all of the members. → The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): in 1995, the GATT was replaced by the WTO

● Agreements among three or more countries in a region to reduce barriers to trade among themselves → Regional trade agreements (RTAs)

● Investments in a foreign country via the purchase of stocks equities, bonds, or other financial instruments → portfolio investment: portfolio investors do not exercise managerial control over the foreign operation

● Looms from private financial institutions in one country to sovereign governments of other countries → sovereign lending

● Investment in a foreign country via the acquisition of a local facility or the establishment of a new facility. → Foreign direct investment (FDI): direct investors maintain managerial control of the foreign operation

● An important international institution that provides loans at below market interest rates to developing countries, typically to enable them to carry out development projects → World Bank

● A sharp slow down and a red of economic growth and economic activity → Recession

● A severe downturn in the business cycle, typically associated with major decline in economic activity, production and investment; a severe contraction of credit; and sustained high unemployment → Depression

● To fail to make payments on time → Default

● The application of policies to reduce consumption, typically by cutting government spending, reading taxes and restricting wages → Austerity

● One of the oldest international financial organizations, created in 1930. It's a members include the world's political central banks and under its auspices they attempt to who operate in the financial realm → Bank for International Settlements

● A major international economic institution established in 1944 to manage international monetary relations. It has gradually reoriented itself to focus on the international financial system, especially debt a