2nd

21. Block One or more feeds compressed into a solid form, usually weighing 15-25 kg.

22. Botulism a muscle-paralyzing disease caused by botulinumtoxin, a potent neurotoxin produced mainly by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and also by a few strains of C. baratii and C. butyricum

23. Bran Coarse outer grain coating, separated during processing.

24. Browse Small stems, twigs, leaves and/or fruits and flowers of shrubs, woody vines and trees.

25. Buffer A substance used in livestock rations to help resist changes in the acidity of the digestive tract (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, bentonite).

26. By-pass protein See Rumen-undegradable protein. The portion of intake protein that has a slow rate of degradability in the rumen; escape digestion in the rumen, reach the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract essentially intact and be digested directly in the small intestine; also known as undegradable intake protein (UIP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP) or escape protein.

27. Byproduct Feed ingredients produced as a result of industrial manufacturing, plant or animal processing (e.g., distillers' grains, beet pulp, fish meal).

28. Cake Residue remaining after pressing seeds, meat or fish to remove oil, fat or other liquid.

29. Carbohydrate Energy-providing substrate, including starches, sugars, cellulose and hemicellulose. All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and are usually divided into two fractions: structural (fibre from plant cell wall) and non-structural (sugars and starches from plant cell contents).

30. Carrier An edible material to which ingredients are added, facilitating uniform distribution of the ingredients into a feed mixture.

31. Cellulose A fibrous carbohydrate that is the chief part of plant cell walls.

32. Chaff Husks or other seed coverings and other plant parts separated from seed during harvest or processing.

33. Chelated mineral A compound formed between an organic molecule and a mineral that increases mineral bioavailability to the animal, which can reduce excretion of excess minerals in manure.

34. Chemical analysis The use of standard chemical analytical procedures to determine the composition of a feed.

35. Choline An essential nutrient, not strictly a vitamin by definition, closely associated with fat metabolism and transport, commonly added to swine and poultry rations. Ruminants generally synthesize adequate amounts, but choline may be added to diets of early lactation dairy cows. 36. Chopped [particle size] reduced by cutting with sharp-edged instruments (e.g., knives).

37. Cleaned Cleared of undesired materials by screens, magnets or forced air.

38. Coccidiostat Drug used to control coccidial infections. Coccidia are microscopic protozoa that live in the intestinal lining of livestock and poultry, causing severe diarrhea or unthriftiness.

39. Colostrum The first milk secreted by mammals after giving birth, particularly rich in nutrients and antibodies essential for newborn survival through passive transfer of immunity to the calf from the mother.

40. Complete feed A thoroughly blended mixture of different feed ingredients formulated to meet specific nutrient requirements that allows for greater efficiency in feeding and provides better control of nutrient intake. A complete feed may or may not include the roughage portion of the ration.