CHEM 155 - Basic Physical Chemistry Summary
States of Matter
Matter exists as gas, liquid, solid.
Gas molecules are widely separated and move freely.
Liquids have touching molecules allowing movement.
Solids have fixed, ordered positions; particles vibrate.
General Characteristics of Gases
Expansibility: Gases expand to fill their container.
Compressibility: Gases can be compressed easily.
Diffusibility: Gases diffuse rapidly to form a mixture.
Pressure: Gases exert pressure uniformly in all directions.
Effect of Heat: Heating gas increases pressure; volume can expand.
Gas Properties
Key measurable properties: Temperature, Pressure, Volume, Moles.
Gas Volume
Volume in litres (l), millilitres (ml); 1 l = 1000 ml.
SI unit is cubic metre (m³).
Gas Pressure
Defined as force per unit area from molecular impacts.
Measured using mercury manometers or barometers.
1 at = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 1.013 x 10⁵ Pa.
Gas Temperature
Measured in Celsius (°C) and converted to Kelvin (K) using K = °C + 273.
Moles of Gas
Number of moles (n) calculated as n = m / M, where m = mass, M = molar mass.
Gas Laws
Gas behavior is governed by relationships called gas laws.
Boyle’s Law
At constant T: V ∝ 1/P; PV = k (constant).
Charles’ Law
At constant P: V ∝ T; V/T = k (constant).
Combined Gas Law
Relates pressure, volume, and temperature: (PV/T = k).
Gay Lussac's Law
At constant volume: P ∝ T; P/T = k (constant).
Avogadro’s Law
Equal volumes of gases at same T and P contain equal molecules: V ∝ n.
Ideal Gas Law
(PV = nRT); relates P, V, T, and n with R as gas constant.
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
Explains gas behavior; gas molecules are in constant motion.
Ideal vs. Real Gases
Ideal gases obey KMT perfectly; real gases deviate under extreme conditions.
van der Waals Equation
Modifies ideal gas equation to account for intermolecular forces and molecular volumes:
(P + \frac{an^2}{V^2}(V-nb) = nRT).
Critical Phenomena
Critical temperature (Tc), pressure (Pc), and volume (Vc) define liquefaction limits.
Collision Theory
Mean free path and collision frequency are fundamental properties of gases.
Compressibility Factor (Z)
Measures deviation of real gas from ideal behavior; Z = PV/(RT).
Z < 1 indicates attractive forces; Z > 1 indicates repulsive forces.