LESSON 26: THE GERUND

Vocab

• tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus, 3, tr. - lift up, take away

• Paucī, ae, a - few

• Dēsum, deesse, dēfuī, defutūrus, irregular., intr.; w. Dat. - am lacking, am absent, fail

1. FORMATION OF THE GERUND

Grammar Rules: 212, 228-230, 319, 342, 380, 391, 418, 864

• GERUND (VERBAL NOUN)

  212. Gen. laud-andī Of praising

       Dat. Laud-andō To or for praising

       Acc. Laud-andum Praising

       Abl. laud-andō By praising

  228. Gen. Mon-endī

       Dat. Mon-endō

       Acc. Mon-endum

       Abl. mon-endō

  229. Gen. Mitt-endī

       Dat. Mitte-endō

       Acc. Mitt-endum

       Abl. Mitt-endō

  230. Gen. Aud-iendī

       Dat. Aud-iendō

       Acc. Aud-indum

       Abl. aud-iendō

  319. Gen. Capiendī

       Dat. Capiendō

       Acc. Capiendum

       Abl. Capiendō

  342. I - Hortandī, of exhorting, etc.

       II - verendī, of fearing, etc.

       III - sequendī, of following, etc.

       III (-io) - patiendī, of suffering, etc

       IV - mōliendī, of setting in motion, etc.

  380. Eundī, etc.

  391. Ferendī, etc.

  418. Volendī, etc.

  864. The gerund is a verbal noun. It has all the cases except the nominative.

       As a VERB: 1. It is modified by the adverbs and takes objects.

       2. It is always active in meaning.

       As a NOUN it is used in all the case usages of nouns, but:

       1. The accusative of the gerund is used chiefly after ad or in; not as the object of the transitive verb.

       2. The ablative is never used with sine, without, or cum, with.

EXERCISE 189

1. Tollō - of taking away

   1. Gen. Toll-endi

      Dat. Toll-endo

      Acc. Toll-endum

      Abl. toll-endo

3. Sūmō - of taking

   3. Gen. Sum-endi

      Dat. sum-endo

      Acc. Sum-endum

      Abl. sum-endo

5. Imperō - of levying

   5. Gen. Imper-andi

      Dat. Imper-ando

      Acc. Imper-andum

      Abl. imper-ando

7. Efficiō - of causing

   7. Gen. Effic-endi

      Dat. Effic-endo

      Acc. Efficient-endum

      Abl. effic-endo

9. Ūtor - of useing

   9. Gen. Ut-endi

      Dat. Ut-endo

      Acc. Ut-endum

      Abl. ut-endo

2. THE USE OF THE GERUNG

EXERCISE 190

1. Ducēs loquendī causā in oppidum vēnērunt.

   1. Leaders came into the town for the sake of speaking

2. Clamore subläto, hostes fugiendo salütem petiverunt.

3. Tempus ad sequendum dēfuit.

   3. Time for following was lacking

4. Unam horam ad vivendum tibi non dabo.

5. Gladiī ad pugnandum ūtilissimī erant.

   5. The swords were very useful for fighting

6. Caesar in agendo acer et fortis erat.

7. Hunc locum ad ēgrediendum nōn idōneum arbitrābātur.

   7. He thought this place unsuitable for making a sortie

8. Omnia que ad proficiscendum pertinent com-paraverunt.

9. Tempus resistendī deerat.

   9. The time of resisting was failing

10. Pugnando vincēmus non fugiendo.

11. Semper ōrandō atque fortiter agendō Caelum cōnsequēmur.

    11.we shall gain heaven by praying always and acting bravely

12. Hac victoria sublati, ad altera castra se statim contulerunt.

13. Tertiā hōrā paucī ad profīciscendum parātī erant.

    13. At the third hour, a few were ready for departing

14. His rebus sublatus, arbiträtus est se brevi tempore totum bellum confecturum esse.

15. Paucōs diēs ad dēlīberandum sūmpsit.

    15. He took a few days for deliberating

16. Voluit omnem metum é civitäte sua tolli.

17. Nūllum aliud tempus ad pugnandum habēbimus.

    17. Now is the time for fighting

18. At barbaris consilium non dēfuit.

19. Cotta nūllā in rē commūnī salūtī deerat.

    19. Cotta failed in nothing for the common welfare

20. Hostēs equites et navés et frúmentum Romanis deesse intellēxerunt.

21. Veniunt hostēs!

    21. The enemy is coming

EXERCISE 191

1. These men are eager for fighting.

   1. Hi viri pugnandi cupidi sunt

2. By praying we gain grace.

3. The wind was favorable for departure.

   3. Ventus ad proficiscendum ideonus erat

4. They prepared everything for setting out.

5. They were prepared for fighting.

   5. Ad pugnandum parati erant

6. They were desirous of setting out.

7. He was daring in action and careful in speaking.

   7. Aida’s in age do eat diligent in loquendo erat

8. He saved his life by fleeing.

9. By begging and exhorting he persuaded them not to leave him in the woods.

   9. Orando et hortando persuasit Eis ne se in silvis relinquerent

10. They gained the victory by fighting fiercely and bravely.

11. He was sent to reconnoiter.

    11. Missus est ad explorandum

EXERCISE 192

1. At the first charge the enemy fled.

   1. Primo impetu hostes fugerunt

2. They hurled javelins from a higher position into the (on)coming enemy.

3. Many of the foremost men of Gaul were killed by Caesar.

   3. Multi princepis gallorum a caesare intersection sunt

4. He quickly led the cavalry onto the next hill.

5. The fight was bitter and a great slaughter took place.

   5. Cartier pugnatum est et magne ceases facts est

6. They beheld the enemy advancing across the river.

7. When the cavalry arrived, the barbarians hastily withdrew.

   7. Cum equity preventer unit, barbari set celerities receperunt

EXERCISE 193

1. He killed the Gaul with a sword.

   1. Gallum gladio interfecit

2. They fought with great courage.

3. They fortified the camp with a ditch and a rampart.

   3. Castro fossa valloque muniverunt

4. The cohorts, having advanced with the lieutenant a few miles into the forest, pitched camp.

5. The Romans waged war many years with the Germans.

   5. Romani cum germanos Milton’s bellum gesserunt

6. They joined battle without fear.

7. With many men killed, they withdrew into the town.

   7. Multis hominibus intersect is in oppidum se receperunt

8. With the dawn, they set out for the camp.

9. With a small part of the summer left, he decided to visit Britain.

   9. Parva parte aestatis reliqua, britanniam adire constituit

EXERCISE 194

1. Quārē Caesar in Britanniam īre volēbat?

   1. Why did Casper wis to go to Britain?

2. Qui Romani ante Caesaris adventum Britanniam adibant?

3. Quid Caesar ex mercātōribus reperīre voluit?

   3. What did Caesar wish to find out from the merchants.

4. Cur Gajum Volusenum prae-misit?

5. Quārē in Morinōs profectus est Caesar?

   5. Why did Caesar set out fort the Morini

6. Quae polli-citi sunt legati qui à civitatibus Britanniae ad Caesarem vene-rant?

7. Quid Commiō Caesar imperāvit?

   7. What did Caesar order commius

EXERCISE 195

1. It happened that they were all killed.

   1. Factum est ut omnes interficerentur

2. He warned the boys not to go into the forest alone.

3. He ordered a bridge to be built.

   3. Imparevit ut pons fieret

4. He was so sharp in speaking and acting that everybody feared him.

5. It behooves us to follow Jesus Christ, our King.

   5. Oportet nos jesum christum, regem nostrum, sequi

6. As soon as they saw Caesar, they began to say that he should* bekilled.

7. Those who persuaded Pilate to kill Christ had seen Him helping others.

   7. Illi qui pilato persuadebant ut cristum interfecit, eum adjuvantem alios viderant.