Biology II - 2022 Midterm  - Font

Unit 1 - Evolution

Describe first life on earth. What was the atmosphere like?

• details

  • Earth’s age is approx. 4.6 billion years

  • mass of gas and dust was pulled together by gravity → sun

  • more debris was pulled into the Earth during development of the sun

• atmosphere: no ozone = UV radiation, electricity in atoms, lipids and hydrates

  • theory about atmosphere: little no oxygen existed

• first life: anaerobic, heterotrophic, prokaryotes

  • elements: all found in organic compounds when Earth first formed

What was Lamarck’s theory about evolution? Why was he wrong?

• theory: inheritance of acquired characteristics

  • i.e. you lose an arm during your life so your offspring get one arm

What does the most “fit” mean in a population?

• defined by individual’s heredity contribution to the next generation

Recognize and be able to explain the graphs of types of natural selection.

• three types of graphs of types of natural selection

  • stabilizing selection: individuals with the AVERAGE form of a trait have the greatest fitness

    

  • disruptive selection: individuals with EITHER EXTREME form of a trait have the greatest fitness

    

  • directional selection: individuals with ONE EXTREME form of a trait have the greatest fitness

    

Unit 2 - Taxonomy

Know the order of taxonomic classification.

• domain → kingdom → phylum → class → order → family → genus → species

Be able to read a cladogram.

Know basic characteristics for Kingdom Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae.

• bacteria/eubacteria

  • domain bacteria

  • “true bacteria”

  • lack nucleus, organelles

  • pepticlogylian cell wall

  • multicellular

  • heterotrophic, autotrophic

    • either chemosynthetic or photosynthetic

• overlapping traits (domain eukarya, eukaryotic, complex nucleus and organelles, and cell walls):

  • protista

    • not a plant, animal, or fungi

    • cell wall (usually of cellulose)

    • mostly unicellular, multicellular = lack tissue organization

    • autotrophic by photosynthesis, heterotrophic by phagocytosis, or both

  • fungi

    • 70,000 species

    • cell wall of chitin

    • unicellular and multicellular

    • heterotrophic by secreting digestive enzymes into the environment

  • plantae

    • mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

    • cell wall of cellulose

    • multicellular, develop from embryos

    • autotrophic by photosynthesis

Unit 3 Part 1 - Bacteria and Viruses

What are the “extreme” bacteria? What are the groups? Where would you find each?

• domain archaea

  • methanogens

    • convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane

    • swamps, hot springs, salt lakes

  • halophiles

    • salt-loving

    • great salt lakes and the dead sea

  • thermoacidophiles

    • acidic environments with high temperatures

    • hot springs of yellow stone, volcanic vents, hypothermal vents

    • serve as producers for communities living at great depths

Know the arrangements for all bacterial groups.

Know how bacteria and viruses are treated (medically) differently.

• viruses are sometimes used as biotechnology tools

• vaccines

Describe cell walls of bacteria and how they can be used to classify by gram staining.

• gram-negative

  • complex cell wall, small amounts of peptidoglycan

  • stain pink or red

• gram-positive

  • simple

  • have more peptidoglycan

  • stain purple

Know your basic viral shapes.

What are prions?

• infectious protein particles with no genome

Unit 3 Part 2 - Protists and Fungi

What characteristics are used to divide protists into 3 classes?

• characterized based on how they move

  • animal-like

    • all heterotrophs

    • 4 phyla determined by the movement

      • some are decomposers

      • some are the base of some food chains

      • some cause disease

  • plant-like

    • based on single celled or multicellular + color they are

  • fungi-like

    • heterotrophs

    • decomposers

    • have centrioles

    • plant diseases (i.e. potato famine)

    • two groups

      • slime molds - free living cells in soil on surface

      • water molds - thrive on dead or decaying organic material in water or plant, are parasitic on land

What is the function of the contractile vacuole in Paramecium?

• contractile vacuole - collect water, maintain hemostasis

How does each of the “animal-like” protists move?

• zooflagellates - flagella (tail-like)

• sarcodines - cytoplasmic extensions (finger-like dragging)

• ciliates - cilia (hair-like)

• sporozoan - parasite and don’t move on their own (rely on a host to move)

What part of the fungi would you find buried in the ground?

• mycelium - the roots of fungi and where food is absorbed

Describe what an absorptive heterotroph is.

• digest food outside their body and absorb it

Unit 4 - Botany

Recognize different arrangements of vascular tissue in dicots and monocots.

• monocots - have distinct epidermis, enclosing vascular bundles of xylem and phloem

• dicots - vascular bundles arranged in a ring-like pattern called a pith

What is vascular tissue made of?

• xylem - conducts water from roots to rest of plant

• phylum - conducts materials throughout the plant

Recognize 3 types of roots (fibrous, adventitious, tap).

• taproots - dominant root develops from the stem and then leads to other roots coming from it

• fibrous - thin roots developing from the stem

• adventitious - form from non-root tissue

What group did the first plants evolve from?

• plant-like protists

What is the advantage of producing seeds?

• embryos are protected in seeds

What parts make up the male part of the flower? Female?

• male - anther (top) and filament (stem-like)

• female - stigma (top), pollen tube (stem-like), and ovary (inside flowering part, sphere-like)

Differentiate between 3 types of plant tropisms.

• phototropism - response to light

• gravitropism - response to gravity, causes roots to grow downward

• thigmotropism - response to touch

Unit 5 - Intro to Animal Kingdom

Basic characteristics of all chordates.

• dorsal, hollow nerve cord

• notochord

• tail that extends beyond the anus

• pharyngeal pouches

Identify different types of symmetry.

• radial - extend outward from the center

• bilateral - identical left and right sides

• asymmetry - no symmetry

Describe the 3 germ layers and what they differentiate into.

• endoderm - digestive and respiratory systems

• mesoderm - muscular, reproductive, circulatory, and excretory systems

• ectoderm - nervous and integumentary systems

Review vocab and animal chart for this unit!