Biology II - 2022 Midterm  - Font

Unit 1 - Evolution

Describe first life on earth. What was the atmosphere like?

• details
  • Earth’s age is approx. 4.6 billion years
  • mass of gas and dust was pulled together by gravity → sun
  • more debris was pulled into the Earth during development of the sun
• atmosphere: no ozone = UV radiation, electricity in atoms, lipids and hydrates
  • theory about atmosphere: little no oxygen existed
• first life: anaerobic, heterotrophic, prokaryotes
  • elements: all found in organic compounds when Earth first formed

What was Lamarck’s theory about evolution? Why was he wrong?

• theory: inheritance of acquired characteristics
  • i.e. you lose an arm during your life so your offspring get one arm

What does the most “fit” mean in a population?

• defined by individual’s heredity contribution to the next generation

Recognize and be able to explain the graphs of types of natural selection.

• three types of graphs of types of natural selection

  • stabilizing selection: individuals with the AVERAGE form of a trait have the greatest fitness

    

  • disruptive selection: individuals with EITHER EXTREME form of a trait have the greatest fitness

    

  • directional selection: individuals with ONE EXTREME form of a trait have the greatest fitness

    

Unit 2 - Taxonomy

Know the order of taxonomic classification.

• domain → kingdom → phylum → class → order → family → genus → species

Be able to read a cladogram.

• \

Know basic characteristics for Kingdom Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae.

• bacteria/eubacteria
  • domain bacteria
  • “true bacteria”
  • lack nucleus, organelles
  • pepticlogylian cell wall
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic, autotrophic
  • either chemosynthetic or photosynthetic
• overlapping traits (domain eukarya, eukaryotic, complex nucleus and organelles, and cell walls):
  • protista
  • not a plant, animal, or fungi
  • cell wall (usually of cellulose)
  • mostly unicellular, multicellular = lack tissue organization
  • autotrophic by photosynthesis, heterotrophic by phagocytosis, or both
  • fungi
  • 70,000 species
  • cell wall of chitin
  • unicellular and multicellular
  • heterotrophic by secreting digestive enzymes into the environment
  • plantae
  • mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
  • cell wall of cellulose
  • multicellular, develop from embryos
  • autotrophic by photosynthesis

Unit 3 Part 1 - Bacteria and Viruses

What are the “extreme” bacteria? What are the groups? Where would you find each?

• domain archaea
  • methanogens
  • convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane
  • swamps, hot springs, salt lakes
  • halophiles
  • salt-loving
  • great salt lakes and the dead sea
  • thermoacidophiles
  • acidic environments with high temperatures
  • hot springs of yellow stone, volcanic vents, hypothermal vents
  • serve as producers for communities living at great depths

Know the arrangements for all bacterial groups.

Know how bacteria and viruses are treated (medically) differently.

• viruses are sometimes used as biotechnology tools
• vaccines

Describe cell walls of bacteria and how they can be used to classify by gram staining.

• gram-negative
  • complex cell wall, small amounts of peptidoglycan
  • stain pink or red
• gram-positive
  • simple
  • have more peptidoglycan
  • stain purple

Know your basic viral shapes.

What are prions?

• infectious protein particles with no genome

Unit 3 Part 2 - Protists and Fungi

What characteristics are used to divide protists into 3 classes?

• characterized based on how they move
  • animal-like
  • all heterotrophs
  • 4 phyla determined by the movement
    • some are decomposers
    • some are the base of some food chains
    • some cause disease
  • plant-like
  • based on single celled or multicellular + color they are
  • fungi-like
  • heterotrophs
  • decomposers
  • have centrioles
  • plant diseases (i.e. potato famine)
  • two groups
    • slime molds - free living cells in soil on surface
    • water molds - thrive on dead or decaying organic material in water or plant, are parasitic on land

What is the function of the contractile vacuole in Paramecium?

• contractile vacuole - collect water, maintain hemostasis

How does each of the “animal-like” protists move?

• zooflagellates - flagella (tail-like)
• sarcodines - cytoplasmic extensions (finger-like dragging)
• ciliates - cilia (hair-like)
• sporozoan - parasite and don’t move on their own (rely on a host to move)

What part of the fungi would you find buried in the ground?

• mycelium - the roots of fungi and where food is absorbed

Describe what an absorptive heterotroph is.

• digest food outside their body and absorb it

Unit 4 - Botany

Recognize different arrangements of vascular tissue in dicots and monocots.

• monocots - have distinct epidermis, enclosing vascular bundles of xylem and phloem
• dicots - vascular bundles arranged in a ring-like pattern called a pith

What is vascular tissue made of?

• xylem - conducts water from roots to rest of plant
• phylum - conducts materials throughout the plant

Recognize 3 types of roots (fibrous, adventitious, tap).

• taproots - dominant root develops from the stem and then leads to other roots coming from it
• fibrous - thin roots developing from the stem
• adventitious - form from non-root tissue

What group did the first plants evolve from?

• plant-like protists

What is the advantage of producing seeds?

• embryos are protected in seeds

What parts make up the male part of the flower? Female?

• male - anther (top) and filament (stem-like)
• female - stigma (top), pollen tube (stem-like), and ovary (inside flowering part, sphere-like)

Differentiate between 3 types of plant tropisms.

• phototropism - response to light
• gravitropism - response to gravity, causes roots to grow downward
• thigmotropism - response to touch

Unit 5 - Intro to Animal Kingdom

Basic characteristics of all chordates.

• dorsal, hollow nerve cord
• notochord
• tail that extends beyond the anus
• pharyngeal pouches

Identify different types of symmetry.

• radial - extend outward from the center
• bilateral - identical left and right sides
• asymmetry - no symmetry

Describe the 3 germ layers and what they differentiate into.

• endoderm - digestive and respiratory systems
• mesoderm - muscular, reproductive, circulatory, and excretory systems
• ectoderm - nervous and integumentary systems

Review vocab and animal chart for this unit!