anatomy quiz just gotta get above a 15 but tbh i wanna drop out
1. Muscle contraction requires large amounts of energy. Explain how the body doesn't waste energy in the process of a contraction.
Energy that is not used is stored in creatine to be used later when needed
2. Explain the connection between ATP, creatine, creatine phosphate, and creatine phosphokinase.
ATP - energy used to power muscle movements
Creatine - small molecule muscle cells assemble from amino acids, energy is transferred from ATP to here Creatine phosphate - high energy compound that also stores energy and is created from the initial energy transfer
Creatine phosphokinase - the enzyme that regulates the reaction between ADP to ATP and the reverse
3. Review the process of ATP generation through aerobic metabolism in your own words.
ATP is generated through cellular respiration, in which pyruvate goes into the citric acid cycle, where some atoms are released as CO2 and some hydrogen atoms go into respiratory enzymes where protons and electrons combine to form H20. The energy utilized during these reactions is what forms ATP. For each pyruvate molecule broken down, 17 ATP molecules are generated.
4. What is glycolysis? What is glycogen?
Glycolysis is the process that turns glucose into pyruvate and glycogen is a series of glucose molecules
5. Compare the energy requirements of skeletal muscle at rest versus all peak levels of activity.
At peak levels of activity, mitochondria can only produce ½ of the ATP necessary for the activity. Therefore, anaerobic glycolysis must occur, which converts glucose to pyruvate quickly.
6. What happens when pyruvate levels rise? Explain.
When pyruvate levels rise, lactic acid is created which can lower the pH of the cell and ultimately cause muscles to stop contracting
7. What is muscle fatigue/how does this happen?
Muscle fatigue occurs when muscles are overworked and is caused by exhaustion of energy reserves or decline in pH due to there being too much lactic acid.
8. In reviewing the "recovery period", explain what happens in the presence of oxygen and when there is oxygen debt
In the presence of oxygen, ATP is able to be generated by aerobic respiration but when there is oxygen debt, additional oxygen is required in order to replenish the normal pre exertion levels, which is why breathing rate increases.
9. How do muscles help maintain normal body temperature? Explain
Normal body temperature is maintained during the contraction of skeletal muscles because even though body temperature climbs when the muscle contracts, blood flow to the skin also increases which promotes heat loss.
Shivering also helps to keep the body warm, and sweat helps to keep the body cool.
10. What is the difference between force and endurance?
Force: with what power an activity can be doné, maximum amount of tension that is produced by a particular muscle
Endurance: how long an activity can be done
11. What are fast fibers used for? Explain their function
Fast fibers are used for quick and powerful movements, and can be used for something like sprints.
12. What are slow fibers used for? Explain their function and the 3 specializations related to the availability of oxygen.
Slow fibers are used for long lasting and slow movements, and therefore they have a longer lasting oxygen supply(due to having more capillaries), have better oxygen storage(as they contain myoglobin), and have a larger number of mitochondria, leading to better oxygen use.
13. Discuss the availability of fast/slow muscle fibers amongst the skeletal muscles (white and red)
White: white muscles contain fast fibers and anaerobic process of ATP generation occurs
Red: red muscles contain slow fibers and aerobic process of ATP generation occurs
14. Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and what hypertrophy is.
Aerobic: low intensity exercises such as walking, utilizes the citric acid cycle for energy production, producing more oxygen and ATP, slow muscle fibers
Anaerobic: high intensity exercises such as sprinting and 50 yd dash swimming, utilizes glycolysis for energy, fast muscle fibers
Hypertrophy: the enlargement of stimulated muscles