Bio Med MI Test 1

How Antibiotics work

Penicillins (beta-Lactams) - Prevent the attachment between peptidoglgan molecules leads to holes in cell wall

Lysis - Water rushing into the cell

Tetracycline - Go and sit where the MRNA would be and prevents protein synthesis

Fluoroquinolones - Blocks the DNA from being able to unwind during replication

Sulfonamides - Stop the production of folic acids which then stops nucleotide from being produces

Mechanisms of Antibiotic resistance

Efflux - Extra protein channels that pump the antibiotic molecule out of the cell

Inactivation - Produces an enzyme that can degrade the antibiotic molecule

Mutation - The part of the bacteria targets changes and no longer works on it

Bacterial Gene transfer

Conjugation - Genes are transferred through direct contact

Transformation - Bacteria take up free floating DNA (normally dead bacteria)

Transduction - When DNA is transferred from bacteria to bacteria through a virus

Purines - G and A

Pyrimidines - C and T

DNA Cycles Sequencing

Dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP) - Missing two oxygen

Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) - DNA missing one Oxygen

Ear Problems

Ostosclerosis - Effects the stapes, abnormal hardening of the tissue

Otitis media - Infection being eardrum

Menieve´s disease - fluid imbalance in cochlea that leads to vertigo and tinnitus