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APUSH Review Period 4
The "Revolution of 1800"
1800 campaign was fierce; personal attacks on Jefferson by Federalists.
Election resulted in a narrow electoral victory for Jefferson (73 votes) over Adams (65 votes), with Burr also receiving 73.
The House of Representatives had to decide between Jefferson and Burr, leading to challenges.
Ironically, Hamilton supported Jefferson, persuading Federalists to support his election.
A Republican Empire is Born
Treaty of Paris (1783): Great Britain relinquished claims to the trans-Appalachian region.
Desire among Americans to dismantle Native communities, leading to destruction of their lands.
Henry Knox supported assimilation of Native Americans into Euro-American society.
Tribal lands were divided among individual Indian families, but resistance continued from native groups.
Sham Treaties and Indian Lands
The Treaty of Paris treated Britain’s Indian allies as conquered people, claiming U.S. sovereignty over the trans-Appalachian west.
Indian nations rejected claims of conquest, maintaining control of their lands.
Creek chief Hallowing King emphasized the deep ties between their survival and the land.
U.S. officials used intimidation to push groups like the Iroquois into land cessions (e.g., Treaty of Fort Stanwix).
Treaty of Greenville
Washington anticipated a Western Confederacy alliance with Britain, leading to a doubling of U.S. Army size.
General “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeated the Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Treaty of Greenville acknowledged Indian landownership while ceding most of Ohio to the U.S.
Surge in white settlement followed, with Kentucky becoming the 15th state.
Assimilation Rejected
Native resistance to assimilation aimed to maintain cultural identity, resisting the imposition of farming lifestyles.
Seneca prophet Handsome Lake sought a balance between traditional rituals and Christian elements, creating divisions.
Most Native Americans turned away from American missions, preserving their cultural practices.
Migration Patterns and the Changing Economy
During the 1790s, westward migration increased among various groups seeking land for farming.
Poor migrants felt entitled to unoccupied lands while wealthy speculators dominated land ownership.
Migration from the Carolinas as Southern planters sought fertile lands for cotton, influenced by industrial revolution demands.
Exiled from New England
New England populations surged as farmers sought new lands, leading to a large move towards Ohio and other western territories by 1820.
Speculative land acquisition often left newcomers without sufficient land ownership.
Innovation on Eastern Farms
Farmers in New England adapted by growing more profitable crops (e.g., potatoes) and improving technology to compete with Western grains.
Progressive farming methods were adopted, raising production standards.
Jefferson’s Presidency
Three Republicans (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) dominated the presidency post-1801, reversing many Federalist policies.
Jefferson confronted the Barbary States, leading military actions in the Mediterranean.
Judiciary Concerns
Jefferson faced a judiciary filled with Federalist appointees, establishing significant challenges to Republican policies.
Landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803) asserted the Supreme Court's right to review congressional legislation.
Reversing Federalist Policies
Jefferson’s administration aimed to reduce the national government size, abolishing internal taxes and cutting military expenditures.
He accepted the existence of the Bank of the United States for fiscal stability, led by Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin.
Western Settlement Support
Jefferson supported policies to facilitate western land acquisition, reducing prices and encouraging migration.
The Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803 expanded U.S. territory significantly while re-evaluating constitutional interpretation.
Secessionist Schemes
The Louisiana Purchase sparked political tensions and secessionist discussions among New England Federalists, led to the Burr-Hamilton duel.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Commissioned by Jefferson to explore the new Louisiana Territory, Lewis and Clark’s journey mapped new territories and fostered American expansionist aspirations.
The War of 1812
Tensions with Britain escalated over trade restrictions and support for Native American resistance, ultimately leading to the conflict.
Despite early setbacks, the U.S. maintained offenses, notably in the Southwest under Andrew Jackson.
The Treaty of Ghent 1814 concluded the war, with America retaining pre-war borders.
Economic Changes Post-War
The War of 1812 reshaped the political landscape as Federalists diminished while Republican factions emerged.
Court cases established federal authority in legislative matters, emphasizing national supremacy.
The economic framework shifted toward increased bank regulation and a developing credit network.
Market Revolution
Innovations in transportation and communication bolstered economic growth, paving the way for urban migration and industrialization.
Cities flourished, leveraging waterways and railways to stimulate commerce and manufacturing.
Transcendentalism and Reform Movements
The Second Great Awakening prompted social reform movements; increasing religious fervor contributed to moral reform efforts.
Leaders like Charles Grandison Finney reshaped revivalist tactics, emphasizing individual choice and moral conduct.
Women's Rights Movements
As women became more involved in religious and reform movements, they began advocating for their rights, seeking property ownership and legal reforms.
The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 marked a crucial point for women's rights, articulating demands for equality in society.
Utopian Communities
Various utopian movements arose as people sought to escape societal pressures, with notable examples being the Shakers and Fourierists.
These communities often failed due to internal conflicts yet raised discussions on gender and economic relations.
Conclusion
The complex interaction of economic, political, and cultural changes shaped early America, leading to deep-rooted movements for reform and redefining individual and communal identities.