Topic_3_-_Drug_Therapy___Life_Span_Considerations____3_
Drug Therapy and Life Span Considerations
Objectives
Differentiate components of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for pediatric and geriatric clients.
Identify medication safety principles for pediatric and geriatric populations.
Recognize factors that affect medication adherence across the lifespan.
Discuss issues impacting older adults’ adherence to therapy.
Describe nursing implications for drug therapy in pediatrics and geriatrics.
Geriatric Considerations
Aging Population
Physiologic changes:
Reduction in total body water and lean body mass.
Decrease in kidney and liver mass and function.
Reduced capacity for maintaining physiological equilibrium.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
Pharmacodynamics
Age-related changes in CNS and cardiovascular systems.
Variation in drug receptor quantities and sensitivity.
Decreased compensatory response to physiological changes.
Nursing Implications: Older Adult Drug Dosing and Monitoring
Polypharmacy risks and drug therapy considerations.
Beers criteria for inappropriate drug use.
Renal dosing and drug interactions.
Provide safety information.
Adverse Drug Events
Types include adverse reactions, medication errors, therapeutic failures, withdrawal events, overdoses.
Adherence Issues
Factors influencing nonadherence (under-dosing or overdosing) include lack of understanding of drug regimens.
Importance of medication education.
Health Teaching with Older Adults
Enhance client’s senses: clean eyeglasses, functional hearing aids.
Communication strategies: Speak clearly, face the client, limit distractions.
Respect client’s ability to learn, use large print teaching aids.
Review medications at each visit, encourage a list of drugs at appointments.
Monitor for confusion with new prescriptions and use memory aids.
Nursing Process: Client-Centered Collaborative Care
Assessment
Identify assessment cues related to elderly medication use.
Nursing Diagnoses
Ineffective health maintenance or knowledge deficits related to cognitive limitations.
Planning
Establish goals for elderly clients prescribed medications.
Nursing Interventions
Determine actions to meet medication goals and evaluate interventions.
Pediatric Considerations
Pediatric Pharmacology
Issues in research (informed consent, drug labeling, dosing).
Pediatric Research Equity Act for pediatric drug study requirements.
Pediatric Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Influencing factors include age, health status, and route of administration.
Distribution: Depends on body fluid and tissue composition, protein-binding capability.
Metabolism: Affected by the child's maturational level and liver function.
Excretion: Infants have decreased renal blood flow and function.
Nursing Implications
Monitor for therapeutic effects and adverse reactions in pediatric dosing.
Account for developmental and cognitive differences in drug administration.
Ensure family-centered care.
Adolescent Considerations
Individualized care based on developmental stage, cognitive abilities, and emotional factors.
Nursing Process: Family-Centered Collaborative Care
Assessment
Assess medications for pediatric clients.
Nursing Diagnoses
Common diagnoses related to knowledge deficits and risk for injury.
Planning
Develop goals for pediatric clients regarding medications.
Nursing Interventions
Define appropriate interventions to achieves planned goals.
Evaluate Outcomes
Assess if goals have been met for pediatric clients.
References
McCuistion, L. E., Vuljoin-DiMaggio, K., Winton, M. B., & Yeager, J. J. (2023). Pharmacology: A patient-centered nursing process approach (11th ed.). Elsevier.