Molecular Techniques I - Learning Objectives

This section outlines the key learning goals relevant to molecular techniques in genetics.

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
- Definition: SNPs are variations at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals.
- Role as Genetic Markers:
- SNPs can indicate genetic predispositions to diseases.
- They serve as valuable markers for population genetics and evolutionary studies.
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
- Definition: STRs are sequences of DNA where a short motif (1-6 base pairs) is repeated in tandem.
- Role as Genetic Markers:
- STRs are widely used in forensic analysis and paternity testing.
- Variability among individuals makes STRs useful for distinguishing between genetic profiles.

Gel Electrophoresis
- Explanation: This is a laboratory method used to separate DNA fragments based on size.
- Process:
- DNA samples are loaded into a gel matrix.
- An electrical current is applied which causes the negatively charged DNA to move towards the positive electrode.
- Smaller DNA fragments move faster and travel further through the gel compared to larger ones.
- Outputs: Following electrophoresis, bands representing DNA fragments can be visualized and analyzed.
- Relative sizes of DNA fragments can be estimated by comparing to a standard ladder.
- Quantities may be assessed by the intensity of the bands.

Outputs of STR and SNP Profiling
- Purpose of Interpretation:
- To determine genetic relationships (e.g., familial connections).
- To assess likelihood of disease states based on identified genetic markers.
- Applications:
- In forensic science, STR analysis helps in identifying individuals from biological samples.
- SNP analysis is important in personalized medicine for predicting drug responses and disease risks.