Midterm Apush

Period 1

• Columbus arrives in the New World, enslaves Natives

• Mercantilism was put into practice as colonies created increased wealth of the home country

• The Encomienda System was implemented to get forced labor out of Native Americans

• Bartolome de las Casas opposes what Spanish are doing, plead that it is unjust and wrong to subjugate Natives

• Pueblo Revolt was in direct response to exploitation, was successful and Spanish left region for 12 years.

• Protestant Reformation leads to the Spanish interest in converting native populations into Catholics, garner support for the Pope when European nations are turning away.

• Dutch settled in New York region, traded goods with Natives for fur

• French settled in modern day Quebec near great lakes, also sought to expand Catholicism while trading with Natives

• Iroquois Confederacy combatted European colonization, it was a collection of nations in modern-day upstate New York

Period 2

• English settlers in Jamestown sought economic opportunity, most of them were young men who did not plan on staying, instead they would return and bring wealth back home

• English settlers in New England colonies wanted to be free from religious oppression, whether they were Pilgrims in Jamestown who separated from the Church of England or Puritans in Boston who wanted to fix it, they settled long-term with families.

• Virginia Company was the first colony which was created. Sought to bring wealth back to England, ended up focusing on farming Tobacco and other cash crops and relied on indentured servants then slave labor to do so.

• The Powhatan were a group of 30 tribes which had conflicts with Jamestown settlement

• The Pilgrims created Mayflower Compact on the way to the New World, established popular sovereignty as the means for decisions. Emphasis on “Body politic”

• William Bradford was the first governor of Plymouth

• Plymouth and Boston combined to form the Massachusetts Bay Colony, centered on religion and Community. Founded by John Winthrop whose 1630 sermon “City Upon a Hill” described how Boston and Massachusetts was a model for the world in terms of morality.

• Thomas Hooker was a minister who founded the Connecticut Colony and established the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first state Constitution.

• Roger Williams founded Rhode Island after being forced out of Massachusetts after challenging the heavy involvement of Religion in politics, as well as the seizure of land from Natives.

• Pequot war was the result of tensions between New England and Pequot tribe, led to the near extinction of Pequot tribe due to settlers expanding into uninhabited areas as well as tensions with Dutch owning fur trade

• King Philips War was a result of encroachment and resulted in massive loss of life for both sides and a loss of power of Native Americans, leaving the relationship between settlers and Natives as tense.

• King Williams War, first of four French and Indian Wars

• In Virginia, the first elected assembly, the Virginia House of Burgesses, was created establishing representation as a priority

• Nathaniel Bacon was angered over the Governer of Virginia’s soft stance on Native American policy, as well as high taxes. He burnt Jamestown in revolt but was ultimately unsuccessful. As a result, the racial hierarchy was formed and African Americans being enslaved was the main source of labor in Virginia.

• The Colonies were split economically into regions where southern colonies were centered on agriculture, New England’s water centered it around trade, and the Middle Colonies were a mix of both, utilizing port cities.

• Navigation Acts controlled colonial trade by forcing trade through Britain. These were seen as oppressive, and later acts were even stricter.

• The Middle Passage was the route on which enslaved Africans traveled from Africa to the New World, brutal journey

• The Stono Rebellion was a slave uprising where slaves acquired weapons and marched south towards Spanish territory, seeking freedom. The deadly nature of the uprising led to stricter codes and more oppression onto slaves.

Period 4

• The Market Revolution was a turn, primarily in the North, to factories (including Lowell mills) as a means of production pioneered by Francis Cabot Lowell. Prior to that, goods were made at home. Instead, production was streamlined, and female factory wage labor propelled the industry. A key characteristic is transportation, as railroads and canals aided industry and trade, something that was not available prior to the 1820s.

• The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival that sparked reform movements, such as temperance or women’s rights. The Seneca Falls Declaration of 1848 created a declaration which included women. This became an important document that garnered much support for the movement, led by people such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Another source of fuel of reform movements was the cult of domesticity, the idea that women managed family or domestic life, leading morality of the home.

• Other movements include Education Reform led by Horace Mann, mental health reform led by Dorothea Dix, Abolition which included prominent figures such as Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Elijah Lovejoy, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

• In terms of Westward Expansion, the idea of Manifest Destiny was that Americans had the God-given right to move West. An important part of this is an agreement, the Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo, where the United States gained California, Arizona, New Mexico, and others from Mexico. Many Americans were moving into modern-day Texas, once part of Mexico, and began to outnumber Mexicans leading to conflicts such as the Alamo massacre. Texas won and declared independence, and under Polk was annexed and became part of the United States.

• The Compromise of 1850 made California a free state, while intensifying the fugitive slave laws and banning the slave trade in D.C. However, this increased sectional tensions as the issue of slavery was not solved, just more violent and personal than ever.

Period 5

• Leading up to the war, agreements on slavery became nonexistent, and it felt like violence was the only mechanism for change. An example of this is the Kansas-Nebraska act that created the two territories. As a result, Bleeding Kansas, where, in a territory that decided to have slaves based on popular sovereignty, violent fights broke out between abolitionist and pro-slavery camps. Similarly, John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, an slave uprising where an armory was raided was quickly dealt with, but more importantly increased tensions between both sides, increasing the divide between pro-slavery and abolitionists. The newly formed Republican Party was rooted in abolition, with those at the top, (Radical Republicans), being complete abolitionists while some adopted Free-Soil beliefs. The Election of 1860 was the breaking point for the already high tensions between regions, as the map was completely split and once Lincoln won, Secession Winter saw many states, beginning with S.C., secede from the Union.

• The major events of the Civil War are as follows:

  • Secession Winter is when we see states leave the Union following Lincoln’s election

  • The first battle is at Fort Sumter which caused to final states to secede

  • Bull Run 1 and 2 are the first major battles, and both show that the war will not end quickly

  • Antietam is important because it was a tipping point for the Union. Confederacy needed a win in Union territory to garner Europe’s support, and that didn’t happen. This also gave Lincoln a good opportunity to release the Emancipation Proclamation

  • Gettysburg hurt the Confederacy greatly as Lee’s forces were weakened as Union morale increased. This also coincided with Vicksburg, another win for the Union meaning that international intervention was not really an option for the South anymore

  • Sherman’s March to the Sea was characterized by the use of total war, demoralizing and destroying the South

  • Appomattox marked the end of the war

• Copperhead Democrats were Democrats in the North who sought immediate peace and an end to the war

• To rebuild the Union, the South was divided into five military zones and military force was used to ensure that the South fulfilled Reconstruction ideas.

• Abraham Lincoln introduced the Ten Percent Plan which required a proportion of voters to take an oath to readmit a state into the Union.

• Andrew Johnson becomes the President after Lincoln’s death, which is important because he was a Southern Democrat. This created gridlock as Congress consisted of Republicans from states that didn’t secede, while the President was a Democrat who opposed much legislation. Congress overrode a veto to pass the Civil Rights Law of 1866, guaranteeing some rights to all male citizens.

• The Ku Klux Klan was a discriminatory group in the South which consisted of Democrats who opposed the integration of Freedmen into society, occasionally resorting to violence to fulfill that goal.

• People who took advantage of Reconstruction economically are called carpetbaggers

• Reconstruction Acts sought to integrate Freedmen into society, by transferring power away from the President and allowing Congress to make legislation around it

• Hayes was elected, in a compromise which ended Reconstruction (Compromise of 1877) where military was withdrawn from the South

Period 6

• During Civil War, acts of legislation were passed to garner expansion West. These include the Pacific Railway Act, which funded and allowed the Union Pacific Co. and Central Pacific Co. to construct the Transcontinental Railroad, the Morrill Land Grant Act, which funded agriculture and science schools, and the Homestead Act, which sold 160 acre plots of land for a small fee. These garnered support West as there were ecological incentives, such as cheap land or job opportunity from transportation, to move.

• Native Americans were hurt from Westward Expansion as their land was not respected. An example of this is the Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 which established reservations, but then was not upheld as settlers invaded their property and Native Americans were not given resources promised.

• This is similar to how the Treaty of Fort Laramie led to the Battle of Little Bighorn after it was not upheld

• Dawes act took Native Americans on reservations and moved them into 160 acres plots of land, attempting to break Native communities into individual families. Many were sent to assimilation schools to learn Western cultured, not deemed as civilized prior

• An important part of Western expansion was miners, who were mostly male, little families, a large portion of whom were immigrants. Such a large portion that most workers in California were Chinese, leading to tensions and ultimately the Chinese Exclusion Act. This profession was heavily dependant on location and was also not very regulated.

• Business is stimulated in the West by Transcontinental Railroad. As populations increased, demand for jobs services did the same. Bonanza farming was large plots of land being used for commercial reasons, not for people to live.

• A group that settled the West was Mormons, who were born out of the Second Great Awakening and faced prosecution for the different beliefs. During the journey West, Joseph Smith was murdered, and Brigham Young took over as the head of the group.

• In terms of Cowboys and Ranchers, this was also a heavily immigrant population. This group also took advantage of the Homestead Act and the fact that the Great Plains was ideal for raising livestock, leading to Open Range farming on large plots. However, no boundaries with regard to landowning led to Range Wars — disputes on land settled by violence. This industry was aided by the Transcontinental Railroad as shipping livestock was made possible.

• Farmers and Settlers, as the name suggests, sought permanent settlement and life was anything but easy. Started a populist movement where they wanted to combat Northeast industrialization. This party didn’t garner too much support, however some ideas, such as the direct election of Senators became law. Large food supply led to a drop in prices.