History Study Notes on Religious Change

This session covers significant life and social changes during the Market Revolution and the Second Great Awakening.
These changes involved huge, interconnected shifts in economic, transportation, community, and social structures.
Americans reacted to these changes with a mix of happiness and nervousness.

The Market Revolution involved profound changes in how goods were produced, distributed, and consumed.
It led to increased interconnectedness and industrial development.

Steamboats and Canals: Facilitated movement of goods and people.
Railroads: Emerged in the UK in $1825$ . In the US, they began appearing in the $1830s$ .
- Rapid expansion: $3,000$ miles of track by $1840$ ; $27,000$ miles by $1860$ .

Paper Making and Printing: Became less expensive and easier, leading to the expansion of newspapers.
US Postal Service: Expanded significantly from $3,000$ post offices in $1815$ to $8,000$ by $1830$ , making letter writing cheaper and more common.
Telegraph: Invented by Samuel Morse in $1832$ ; a new way to send electronic messages, though initially expensive.

Cotton Manufacturing: A significant industry; much cotton went to the UK, but the US also sought to establish its own manufacturing.
Industrial Espionage: Francis Cabot Lowell traveled to the UK in $1813$ , suspected of trying to smuggle out plans, but instead used his photographic memory.
Lowell Mills: Opened in Massachusetts in $1821$ , employing young women (teens and early $20s$ ).
- Workers received relatively high wages, housing, and food.
- Living conditions were generally good, with access to educational classes, plays, and operas.
- The typical work week was $72$ hours.
Ties to Slavery: The industrial development, particularly cotton manufacturing, was heavily reliant on slave-grown cotton, making slavery a national system.

A nationwide religious revival, often associated with economic change.
This period saw the most intense revivals.
Cane Ridge Revivals: Marked the beginning, attracting between $15,000$ and $20,000$ people.
Change in Message: Shift