Pompeii and the Imperial Cult

Divine Nature of Ruler's Power

  • The celebration of the emperor's power exists more openly in provincial towns compared to Rome.

  • Roman town elites in the western Empire often drew a new identity from the gifts they offered to honor the imperial dynasty.

  • Pompeii serves as a prime example with its plethora of inscriptions and monuments.

Temple of Fortuna Augusta

  • The first sanctuary in Pompeii to honor the emperor.

    • Erected by M. Tullius, a prominent citizen during the early Augustan era (25-5 B.C.?).

    • Held various important civic roles:

    • Duumvir (magistrate) for several terms.

    • Quinquennalis (a five-year term magistrate).

    • Tribunus militum a populo (military tribune).

    • Lifetime appointment as augur (officially able to interpret omens).

  • The title 'tribune' was an honorary position assigned by the emperor based on nominations from the civic leaders of Italic cities.

  • Other notable citizens of Pompeii, such as M. Holconius Rufus (theater renovation sponsor), were elevated to nobility similarly, thus connecting with the imperial dynasty.

  • M. Tullius financed the construction of the Temple of Fortuna Augusta with his own funds (solo et pecunia sua).

    • Strategically located just north of the forum at the intersection of two main streets.

    • The temple's podium jutted into the street, highlighting its prominence.

    • Integration attempts with the forum included adding a narrow portico.

    • Likely motivated by Augustus' safe return from his journey to the East in 19 B.C. or to the West in 13 B.C.

    • During this period, altars and shrines, including Fortuna Redux, were erected across Rome and other cities.

    • The Corinthian style of marble capitals suggests an early construction date.

  • Questions arise regarding the location of the temple:

    • Possible inability to acquire space in the eastern forum for the temple's placement.

    • Consideration of the architectural context and surrounding buildings perhaps precluded a central forum location.

Cultural Influences in Pompeii

  • The luxury and culture of the urban elite in Pompeii were heavily influenced by Hellenistic customs from eastern Mediterranean cities.

    • Artifacts were often imported from Greek artisans.

    • Notable works include the bronze statuette of the "dancing faun" and floor mosaics found in the House of the Faun that echo Greek styles.

    • Mosaics commonly featured sexual themes with satyrs and nymphs, reflecting the artistry of late Hellenistic periods.

House of the Faun Mosaic Details

  • Mosaic of fish and sea creatures, likely inspired by a model from the Museum in Alexandria, reflects both an interest in nature and culinary themes suitable for dining areas.

Odeon (Theater)

  • The Odeon was constructed under the supervision of duumviri G. Quinctius Valgus and M. Porcius, initiated by a town council decree.

  • The inscription reveals details of its funding and oversight.

  • It served as a notable performance space within Pompeii.

Architectural Features and Urban Planning

  • Amphitheater construction employed supporting walls from city fortifications, showcasing practical urban design in public entertainment venues.

  • The campus, known as the palaestra, was built primarily for sports and recreation, emphasized by porticos surrounding grassy areas, indicative of Augustan values.