AP HUGS

make notecards on the below and answer each term/question

Chapter 1: This is Geography 

Topic 1.1

Why is Geography a Science?

Topic 1.2

Why is every place unique? 

Topic 1.3

Why are different places similar? 

Topic 1.4

Why are different places connected? 

  1. Place & Region

  2. Scale & Connection

  3. Map & Cartography 

  4. Geographic Information Science & remote sensing 

  5. Global Positioning System 

  6. Eratosthenes 

  7. Geographic Grid- Meridian, longitude, parallel, latitude

  8. Telling Time- Prime meridian & International Date Line 

  9. Types of Maps: Choropleth, Graduated Symbol, Isoline Map, Dot distribution

  10. Cartogram 

  11. Map Scale- ratio, written, graphic, small & large scale

  12. Map projection: Mercator, Winkel, Goode Homolosine, Gall-Peters

  1. Location & toponym & site

  2. Absolute location vs. Relative location 

  3. Culture & Cultural landscape

3 Types of Regions 

  1. Formal region

  2. Functional region

  3. Vernacular Region 

  1. Globalization 

  2. Assimilation

  3. Acculturation

  4. Distribution 

  5. Density, Concentration & Pattern 

  6. Uneven development

  7. Behavioral geography  

  1. Hearth vs. diffusion

  2. Relocation diffusion 

  3. Hierarchical diffusion 

  4. Contagious diffusion 

  5. Stimulus diffusion 

  6. Distance decay

  7. Spatial interaction: Space-time compression & Network

  8. Spatial association 

  9. Sustainability 

  10. Environmental determinism vs. Possibilism 


Chapter 2: Population & Health 

Topic 2.1

Where Are People Distributed?

Topic 2.2

Why is population increasing?

Topic 2.3

Why does health vary by region? 

Topic 2.4

Why might population change in the future? 

  1. Demography

  2. Carrying capacity & overpopulation

  3. Ecumene 

  4. Sparsely settled areas 

  5. Population clusters

  6. Arithmetic density

  7. Physiological density (arable land)

  8. Agricultural density 

  1. Natural increase rate (NIR)

  2. Doubling time

  3. Crude birth rate (CBR)

  4. Total fertility rate (TFR)

  5. Infant mortality rate (IMR)

  6. Crude Death Rate (CDR)

  7. Demographic transition 

  8. Industrial revolution

  9. Medical revolution 

  10. Zero population growth

  1. Population pyramids 

  2. Life expectancy 

  3. Dependency ratio

  4. Potential support ratio

  5. Sex ratio

  6. Maternal mortality rate

  7. Epidemiology 

  8. Epidemic vs. pandemic 

  9. Degenerative diseases 

  1. Demographic transition- Stage 5

  2. Pronatalist policy vs. antinatalist policy 

  3. China vs. India population policies 

  4. Describe two reasons for declining birth rates world wide 

  5. List reasons for a possible stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition 

  6. Malthus’s Theory & reality of Population Growth 

Chapter 3: Migration

Topic 3.1

Where are migrants distributed? 

Topic 3.2

Where do people migrate within countries? 

Topic 3.3

Why do people migrate?

Topic 3.4

Why do migrants face challenges?

  1. Migration & mobility 

  2. Emigration vs. immigration 

  3. Net migration 

  4. Voluntary vs. forced migration 

  5. 3 largest flows of migrants

  6. Internal migration 

  7. Interregional vs. intraregional 

  8. Describe the changing places of origin of US immigrants 

  9. Sources of recent US Immigration 

  10. Migration transition 

  11. Compare demographic transition and migration transition 

  12. Describe demographic characteristics of immigrants 

  1. Interregional migration: United States 

  2. Counterurbanization 

  1. Push vs. pull factor 

  2. Intervening obstacle

  3. Step migration 

  4. Floodplain 

  5. Economic reasons for migrating 

  6. Remittances

  7. Refugee vs asylum seeker vs. internally displaced person 

  1. Migrant worker & circular migration

  2. Quota acts

  3. Skill & family based migration 

  4. Unauthorized immigrants 

  5. DACA

  6. Border security 


Chapter 4: Culture & Social Media 

Topic 4.1

Where are cultural activities distributed?

Topic 4.2

Why might culture diffuse? 

Topic 4.3

Why is access to culture unequal? 

Topic 4.4

Why do cultures face sustainability challenges? 

  1. Folk culture

  2. Popular culture (origin, diffusion, etc)

  3. Habit vs. custom 

  4. Diffusion of electronic communication 

Folk vs Popular 

  1. Music

  2. Sports

  3. Clothing 

  4. Housing 

  5. Customs 

  6. Food 

  1. Diffusion of social media

  2. Cyber attacks 

  1. Maintaining folk culture 

  2. Cultural convergence 

  3. Overtourism 

  4. Ecotourism 


Chapter 5: Languages 

Topic 5.1

Where are languages distributed? 

Topic 5.2

Why do languages diffuse?

Topic 5.3

Why do languages vary among places? 

Topic 5.4

Why do languages survive or perish?  

  1. Language 

  2. Centripetal force

  3. Centrifugal force 

  4. Status of Languages 

  5. Language family 

  6. Language branch 

  7. Language group 

  8. Isolated language

  9. Indo-European

  10. Sino-Tibetan 

  11. Indo-Iranian Branch

  12. Germanic

  13. Balto-Slavic 

  14. Romance 

  15. Afro-asiatic 

  1. Nomadic warrior theory

  2. Sedentary farmer theory 

  3. Origin of English

  4. Lingua franca

  5. Pidgin language 

  1. Dialect

  2. American vs. British English 

  3. Standard language 

  4. Received pronunciation 

  5. Isogloss 

  6. Gender differences in language 

  7. Sign language

  8. Creole 

  9. Informal languages 

  10. Mutual intelligibility

  11. Official language vs. working language 


  1. Endangered vs. extinct language 

  2. Basque- isolated language

  3. Celtic- preserving language 

  4. Hebrew- growing language 


Chapter 6: Religion 

Topic 6.1

Where are religions distributed?

Topic 6.2

Why do religions have distinctive distributions? 

Topic 6.3

Why do religions organize space in specific patterns?

Topic 6.4

Why do territorial conflicts arise among religious groups? 

  1. Universalizing vs. ethnic 

  2. Nonreligious- atheism & agnosticism

  3. In what ways is the distribution of religions similar to that of language families? 

  4. Congregation, denomination, branch 

  5. Distribution and branches  of Christians 

  6. Distribution and branches  of Buddhists

  7. Distribution and branches  of Muslims 

  8. Distribution of Hindus 

  9. Animism 

  10. Syncretic 

  11. Sikhism

  12. Spiritism

  13. Judaism 

  14. Daoism

  15. Confucianism

  1. Origin of Christianity 

  2. Origin of Islam 

  3. Shiite vs Sunni

  4. Origin of Buddhism 

  5. Unknown origin of Hinduism 

  6. Hierarchical vs. contagious diffusion 

  7. Relocation diffusion & missionaries 

  8. Migration of Jews

  9. Migration of Muslims 

  10. Migration of Christians 

Places of Worship

  1. Churches

  2. Mosques 

  3. Synagogues 

  4. Pagodas 

  5. Gurdwara 

Administration of religions 

  1. Autonomy of Islam

  2. Protestant denominations 

  3. Hierarchical religion 

  4. Burial 

  5. Pilgrimages 

  6. Environment  & religious calendars 

  7. Solar vs. lunar calendar 

  1. Fundamentalism 

  2. Caste 

  3. Communism and religion 

  4. Buddhism and Dalai Lama 

  5. Geographic elements of religious conflicts 

  6. Israel vs. Palestine 

  7. Jerusalem 


Chapter 7: Ethnicities 

Topic 7.1

Where are ethnicities distributed 

Topic 7.2

Why do ethnicities have distinctive distributions? 

Topic 7.3

Why do ethnicities & nationalities differ? 

Topic 7.4

Why do ethnic cleaning & genocide occur? 

  1. Ethnicity vs race vs. nationality 

  2. Racism & racist 

  3. census

  4. Race & the U.S. Census 

  5. Summarize changes in classification of race and ethnicity in the US

  6. Distribution of US ethnicities 

  7. Ethnically complex Brazil 

  1. Forced migration 

  2. Slavery & triangular slave trade 

  3. Internal migration & sharecropper 

  4. White flight

  5. Blockbusting & redlining 

  6. Plessy v. Ferguson 

  7. Brown v. Board of Education

  8. Apartheid & South Africa 

  9. Diffusion of Black Lives Matter 

  1. Nationalism 

  2. British Isles 

  3. Kurds 

  4. South Asia 

  5. Afghanistan

  6. Pakistan 

  1. Ethnic cleansing

  2. Genocide

  3. Xenophobia

  4. Ethnophobia 

  5. Uyghurs

  6. Myanmar 

  7. Rwanda

  8. Sudan 

  9. Ethiopia 

  10. Balkans