Mod 8 IQ 2

Definition: - A non-infectious disease is a disease that is not caused by a pathogen and is not contagious.
Influencing Factors: - The risk of developing a non-infectious disease is influenced by various risk factors: - Age - Gender - Socio-economic status - Culture/Race - Lifestyle - Environment - Genetics - Nutrition - Many non-infectious diseases are considered preventable because they are caused by modifiable factors.

Definition: - Genetic diseases are caused by mutations of the genes or chromosomes in the DNA of an individual.
Explanation: - If changes to one or more genes produce an abnormal protein in the body, genetic disease may result.

Description: - Various environmental factors can contribute to the onset of non-infectious diseases.

Definition: - Lifestyle diseases arise as a direct result of the way a person lives their life.

Example: - UV light exposure can lead to various health issues, including skin cancer.

Example: - Asbestos exposure is associated with serious respiratory illnesses and cancers.

Definition: - Nutritional diseases are caused by diets lacking the proper balance and amounts of nutrients.
Malnutrition: - This condition arises when an individual does not receive the right amount of nutrients. - Types of Malnutrition: - Undernutrition: insufficient intake of the correct type or quantity of foods. - Overnutrition: excessive intake of food.

Definition: - Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells (usually derived from a single abnormal cell).
Characteristics: - Cancerous cells have lost normal control mechanisms and can multiply continuously. - These cells can invade nearby tissues and migrate to distant parts of the body, promoting the growth of new blood vessels to obtain nutrients.
Origin: - Cancerous (malignant) cells can develop from any tissue within the body.

Tumor: - An abnormal growth or mass of tissue.
Mutagen: - An agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation (change to DNA).
Carcinogen: - A mutagen that specifically causes cancer.
Stage: - The extent to which cancer has spread within the body.
Survival Rate: - The percentage of people who survive for a specified period of time after treatment (e.g., the 5-year survival rate is the percentage of individuals who survive for 5 years post-treatment).
Benign: - Non-cancerous tumors that do not invade nearby tissues or spread to distant sites through the bloodstream or lymphatic system (metastasize). However, benign tumors may still grow in place and cause problems by pressing on nearby tissues.
Malignant: - Cancerous cells that have the ability to invade adjacent tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Metastasis: - The process of cancerous cells spreading to a completely new location in the body.

Understanding: - Our understanding of the causes of cancer is still developing.
Carcinogens: - There are several chemical, physical, and biological agents known as carcinogens which can cause mutations leading to cancer.
Risk Factors: - Some risk factors, such as lifestyle choices, can be minimized, while others, such as genetic factors, cannot. - Interestingly, some individuals with multiple risk factors never develop cancer, while others with no known risk factors may still develop the disease.

Onset: - Cancer begins when a single cell undergoes a mutation (change) to its DNA, causing rapid growth (making copies of itself).
Mechanism: - Cancerous cells can grow directly into surrounding tissues or spread around the body via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.

Purpose of Staging: - Staging helps describe the location of cancer, whether it has spread, and its effect on other parts of the body. - Doctors commonly use diagnostic tests to determine a cancer’s stage.
Stages: - Stage I: A small cancer or tumor that has not deeply grown into nearby tissues and has not spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body; often called early-stage cancer. - Stage II: Cancer has spread to a regional area, nearby tissues, or lymph nodes. - Stage III: More advanced regional spread compared to Stage II. - Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other organs or parts of the body; may also be referred to as advanced or metastatic cancer.

Family History: - Some cancers have hereditary risk factors; for example, the BRCA gene is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
Genes and Chromosomes: - Abnormal or extra chromosomes may heighten the risk or catalyze the development of cancer; an example includes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
Age: - Certain tumors, such as Wilms tumor, are more prevalent in children, while others are more common in older individuals due to prolonged exposure to carcinogens and a weakening immune system.

Tobacco smoke
Asbestos
Pesticides
Radiation
Dietary Factors: - High fat intake - Alcohol consumption - Consumption of smoked and pickled foods
Infections: - Infectious agents such as HPV (Human Papillomavirus) and Helicobacter pylori are associated with a higher risk of certain cancers.