Intelligence Test

General Intelligence - according to Spearman underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on a test. 

Charles Spearman 

  • The guy who introduced general intelligence

  • Made the point that people have special abilities. 

  • People who score high in one section tend to score higher than average in other areas 

Factor Analysis - identifies clusters of related items

L . L . Thurstone 

  • Gave 56 different tests and had 7 clusters of primary abilities 

  • Continued proving the idea of people who score high in one section tend to score higher than average in other areas 

Howard Gardner

  • Identified eight relatively independent intelligences 

  • Existential intelligence - the ability to ponder large questions about life, death existence 

Savant Syndrome - a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill such as in computation or drawing. 

Robert Sternberg 

  • three types of intelligence 

  • Analytical (academic type of intelligence), Creative Intelligence, Practical intelligence.

Grit - passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals. 

REVIEW THE PSYCHOLOGISTS TABLE 

Intelligence test - a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. 

Achievement tests - a test designed to test what a person has learned 

Aptitude tests - a test designed to predict a persons future persons; the capacity to learn. 

Francis Galton 

  • Thought darwin was a GENIUS; his cousin 

  • Thought to encourage those with high abilities to mate with each other to form geniuses 

Alfred Binet 

  • Made tests for french school children to predict scores for student placement

Mental age - a measure of intelligence performance devised by Binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age, Thus, a child  who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8. 

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; they contain verban and performance (nonverbal) subtests. 

Standardization - defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. 

Normal curve - the bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near, the average, and fewer and fewer lie on the near extremes. 

Flynn Effect - the steady increase over time within scores. 

Reliability - the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores, on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test Or on retesting.

Validity- the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. 

Content validity - the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. 

Predictive validity - the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. 

Cohort -  a group of people sharing a common characteristic such as from a given time period 

Crystaliizaed Intelligence - our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. 

Fluid Intelligence - our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age , especially during late adulthood. 

Cross-sectional study - research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time. 

Longitudinal study - research that dollows and retests the same people over time. 

Intellectual disability - a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intellegence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life (Formerly referred to as mental retardation). 

Down Syndrome - a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physcial disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. 

Heritability -  the proportion variation among individuals in a grop that we can attribute to genes the heritability of a trait may vary, depending, on the range of populations and environments studied. 

Stereotype Threat - a self confirming conern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.