Task 1

8 Structures for Grammar and Cohesion

(Overview) → There was an increase in …, (with … witnessing the most dramatic rise), while (if there is another trend). In addition, … recorded the highest figure …
(Body 1) → The number / proportion / amount of … started at …, after which it experienced a rise / growth / decline to … in …, before ending the period at …
(Body 2) → S + V + O …, with a subsequent increase / decrease / leveling off/ fluctuation … and a final + N (figure) + …
The figure for … (number / proportion / amount of) was at … (or change …), followed by a slow / significant increase to …
The figure for … + V, and (but) + V
Similar / opposite changes can be seen in the figure(s) for …, which …
The figure for … saw similar / opposite changes, V-ing
The figure for … + change, ending / reaching …

Common Structure

Example:

The oil consumption in Japan was about 70 million tonnes, and the figures for the UAE and Canada were lower, at 20 million and 35 million respectively.
The oil consumption in Japan was highest, at 70 million tonnes, followed by Canada (35 million) and the UAE (20 million)
The oil consumption in Japan far exceeded that of (that in) the UAE and Canada, with respective figures being 70 million, 20 million and 35 million tonnes.

Other structure

Necessary language

To be added: was constructed / built / erected
To be removed: demolished / was knocked down (to make way for …)
To be changed into sth: was converted into / was turned into / was transformed into / replaced by
Stayed the same: remained / no changes were made to
Rebuilt: to be moved to / to be reconstructed on to the … of / (old) redeveloped as a (new-bigger/more modern) / to be modernized
Land: bare / vacant / open space

Roads, railway: extended / widened / reopened / joined / branch off - deviate
Tree, forest: cut down / chopped down / cleared to make way for / planted / … was built at the expense of the green area
Amenities (swimming pool, shopping malls): established / developed

Important structures

(Overview) The most important of which
And
While
The … also saw a number of changes, with A being turned into B, and C being converted to D
which was accompanied by …
… was constructed …, replacing …
There used to be a …, but it was then redeveloped into … (removed to make way for …)

Important structures

Liên từ

Notes:

chamber - buồng / container / tank / can / bottle / barrel
moved → transported
liquid: directed …
mixed → mixture
shipped → transported / dispatched / delivered / distributed
collection point / factory / storage facilities / supermarkets …
grinder / crusher → grind (ground) power / crush → compress
evaporate (tự nhiên) / vaporize (nhân tạo) → the steam → condense
pump
sieve - sàng / funnel - phễu / pipe / lid - nắp / power grid / metal grid / oven / conveyor belt - băng chuyền / filter
gutted - phá huỷ / distilled
residue - cặn / by product
remove impurities / dirt / unwanted substances (to allow for safer consumption)
pulp - bã
mould - khuôn