biology review

  • What’s a hypotonic solution? 

  • Has a lower concentration of salt/sugar; results in a net movement of water into the cell, making it eventually burst 

  • What’s a hypertonic solution? 

  • Higher concentration of salt/sugar than what’s in the red blood cell, causing the cell to shrivel 

  • What’s an isotonic solution? 

  • Contains the same concentration of solutes as the cell; no net gain or loss of water from the cell 

  • What are DNA and RNA made of? 

  • Nucleotides 

  • What are cell membranes made up of? 

  • Phospholipids and proteins 

  • How many electrons are in the second shell? 

  • 8: 2 in a 2s orbital and 6 in three 2p orbitals 

  • What are genes? 

  • Chunks of DNA that code for proteins that influence physiology 

  • What are alleles?  

  • Different versions of the same gene, lead to variations in traits like eye color 

  • How many amino acids are there? 

  • 20 

  • Mitosis 

  • Creates 2 identical cells from 1 parent cell; used for asexual reproduction; also used for cell growth and repair 

  • Meiosis 

  • Creates cells that are genetically different from the parent cell 

  • Contain half the DNA 

  • Used for sexual reproduction to produce gametes 

  • Creates egg cells in females, sperm cells in males 

  • What are ionic bonds? 

  • Strongest bond, electrons are transferred from one atom to another 

  • What are peptide bonds? 

  • Covalent bonds that connect amino acids 

  • What is an active site? 

  • The area on an enzyme where a substrate binds to undergo the chemical reaction 

  • Homozygous 

  • Two identical alleles (RR) 

  • Heterozygous 

  • Carrying different alleles (Rr) 

  • Ribosomes 

  • Make proteins 

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum 

  • Makes proteins 

  • Smooth ER 

  • Makes lipids and detoxifies the cell 

  • Golgi apparatus 

  • Sorts and ships proteins 

  • Lysosome 

  • Breaks down unwanted material 

  • Chloroplast 

  • Makes food in plant cells 

  • Vacuole 

  • Stores water in plant cells 

  • Vesicles 

  • Ship materials around the cell 

  • Cytosol 

  • Fluid that’s part of the cytoplasm 

  • Nucleolus 

  • Produces and assembles ribsomes in the nucleus