BIO_114 LAB 1
Page 1: Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Introduction to Taxonomy, Phylogeny & Systematics in Biology 114 Lab
Different Archephylum classifications:
Archephylum vegetabile
Archephylum protisticum
Archephylum animale
Organism classifications like Protista, Plantae, and Animalia are introduced.
Reference to a classification tree sketched by Ernst Haeckel in 1866.
Page 12: Systematics Overview
Systematics: Study of classification, relationships, and diversity of organisms.
Key components include identification, nomenclature, classification, methodologies, genetics, comparative anatomy, embryology, and behavior.
Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of species or groups.
Page 13: Dichotomous Key Introduction
Tool to identify organisms based on shared characteristics.
Utilizes a fixed sequence of observations from general to specific.
Page 14: Using a Dichotomous Key
Focus on observations rather than inferences.
Emphasize specific measurements and descriptions.
Continue until a single organism remains in each final group.
Page 15: Example of Dichotomous Key Observations
Initial observation regarding right angles
Objects divided by presence of right angles.
Page 16: Further Dichotomous Key Example
Classification based on number of sides (four or three).
Page 17: Continuing the Dichotomous Key Example
Final differentiation based on equal lengths of sides.
Page 18: Conclusion of Dichotomous Key Example
Final distinguish based on uniformity of radius.
Page 19: Complete Dichotomous Key Summary
Summarizes the key used for object classification based on specific criteria.
Page 20: Dichotomous Key Overview
Lists all classifications and their respective outcomes based on observations.
Page 22: Taxonomy Definition
Taxonomy involves naming and classifying organisms in a hierarchy.
Introduces Linnaean hierarchy established by Carolus Linnaeus.
Page 23: Taxonomic Classification Levels
Discusses the hierarchical classification from domain to species.
Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
Each kingdom has further subdivisions leading to species identification.
Page 24: Phylogenetic Relationships
Emphasizes common ancestry and the basis for diversity in the natural world.
Construction of phylogenies using molecular, morphological, and physiological data.
Page 25: Classification Exercise
Complete the table titled “Classification of living things” with reliable sources.
Lab instructor validation is required upon completion.
Page 26: Cladistics Overview
A method showing shared derived characteristics over time.
Broad to specific relationships illustrated in phylogenetic trees.
Page 27: Cladistics Example
Example of cladistics showing traits shared by various organisms.
Page 28: Continue Cladistics Example
Shows sequence of characteristics shared across selected organisms.
Page 29: Molecular Phylogenetics
Analysis of protein sequences and relationships inferred from differences.
Comparison with cladograms supports relatedness.
Page 30: Example of Molecular Phylogenetics
Compares amino acid sequences in hemoglobin between species.
Counts of differences shared between humans and chickens highlighted.
Page 31: Molecular Phylogenetics and Relatedness
Differences quantified in hemoglobin sequences reveal evolutionary relationships.
Lampreys show highest difference while macaques show closest relation to humans.
Page 32: Similarities and Differences Between Bacteria and Archaea
Both are prokaryotes with similar structures and reproduction methods.
Differences include RNA polymerase complexity and cell wall structures.
Page 33: Anatomy of Prokaryotes
Similar structures between bacteria and archaea: plasmid, flagellum, pili.
Page 34: Bacterial Cell Wall Structure
Cell wall composition explained with glycan chains and cross-linking.
Page 35: Gram-Positive Cell Wall Characteristics
Discusses thick peptidoglycan layers in gram-positive cell walls.
Page 36: Gram-Negative Cell Wall Characteristics
Thin peptidoglycan layer with a unique outer membrane structure (LPS).
Page 37: Archaea Cell Wall Characteristics
Variation in gram-positive or negative traits among archaea with unique surface layers.
Page 38: Plasma Membrane Differences in Archaea
Notes four significant differences in archaeal membranes compared to other cells.
Page 39: Basic Shapes of Bacteria
Discusses basic bacterial shapes: cocci (spherical) and bacilli (rod-shaped).
Page 40: Bacteria Shapes Overview
Reiterates three general bacterial shapes: cocci, bacilli, and spirilla.
Page 41: Bacterial Arrangements
Different arrangements of cocci: irregular clusters, tetrads, and chains.
Details on plant life cycle study, care, and data collection responsibilities.
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