New Empires in India and Early Chinese Civilizations

Between 350 BC and 500 AD, India was characterized by fractious states and internal fighting.

Established by Chandragupta Maurya.
Reached peak under Ashoka:
- Initially a terrifying monarch, known for brutality toward his society.
- Converted to Buddhism and adopted a more peaceful approach after witnessing the suffering caused by war.
- Promoted Buddhism and sent missionaries to regions such as China and other parts of Asia to spread its teachings.
- Increased India’s presence in international trade, enhancing economic ties with other regions.

Known as the Golden Age of India.
Key developments during this period included:
- Advancements in Science (e.g., astronomy, medicine).
- Flourishing of Arts and Literature.
- Significant progress in Mathematics (concept of zero, numerical systems).
The invasion of the Huns during the later years significantly reduced Gupta power and influence.

Arising approximately 1,000 years later than Indian empires, shaped by natural barriers (e.g., mountains, deserts).
Developed distinctly due to isolation from other civilizations, fostering unique cultural and technological growth.

Recognized as the first flourishing civilization in China.
Exhibited essential characteristics of developed societies, including:
- Advanced agriculture.
- Creation of a writing system.
- Complex political structures and social hierarchies.