Final Exam Flashcards - Part 1

Checklist for Final Exam, Part 1

Electromagnetism

• Right-Hand Rule: Understand its application to electrical and magnetic fields. Know its practical use in motors and generators for creating alternating current.

Electrical Calculations

• Calculations: Be able to calculate:
  • Current
  • Charge
  • Voltage
  • Resistances
  • Power loss
  • Number of coils in a transformer for voltage stepdown
• Formulas:
  • Power: $P = iV$
  • Ohm's Law: $V = iR$
  • Power loss: $P = i^2R$
  • Transformer equation: $\frac{N<em>s}{N</em>p} = \frac{V<em>s}{V</em>p}$, where N is the number of coils, V is voltage, s is secondary, and p is primary.
  • Transformer equation: $N<em>s I</em>s = I<em>p N</em>p$
  • Resistors in parallel: $\frac{1}{R<em>p} = \frac{1}{R</em>1} + \frac{1}{R<em>2} + \frac{1}{R</em>3} + \dots$
  • Resistors in series: $R<em>s = R</em>1 + R<em>2 + R</em>3 + \dots$

Direct and Alternating Current

• Practical Application: Understand practical application aspects, including limitations, for both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC).

Solar System

• Nebular Theory: Understand nebular theory.
• Planets: Know the 3 essential characteristics of a planet.
• Eclipses: Understand solar and lunar eclipses.
• Planet Types:
  • Terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
  • Jovian planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
• Other Features: Kuiper belt, asteroid belt, Oort cloud, comets.

Astronomical Significance

• Significance of:
  • Foucault's pendulum
  • Eratosthenes calculation
  • Römer's method/Huygens' of the eclipse of Io
  • Opposition conjunction
  • Superior conjunction
  • Inferior conjunction
• Celestial Coordinate System: right ascension, declination, apparent magnitude.

Stellar Distances

• Stellar Parallax: Be able to calculate the distance of stars to our sun in parsecs and light years using stellar parallax.
• Formula: $d = \frac{1}{\phi}$ where d is distance and φ is the parallax angle.
• Conversion: $1 \text{ pc} = 3.26 \text{ ly}$

Jupiter and Saturn

• Key Features: Understand key features of Jupiter and Saturn.
• Moons: Significance of their moons: Enceladus, Titan, Io, Europa, especially as it relates to the potential for biospheres.

Dwarf Planets

• Five Major Dwarf Planets: Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake, Haumea.

Exoplanet Detection

• Methods for Exoplanet Detection:
  • Direct imaging
  • Transit method
  • Wobble observations

Colonizing Mars and Venus

• Colonization: Understand the particular features of colonizing Mars and Venus and advantages/disadvantages involved therein.
• Bow Shocks: Understand the bow shocks of the induced vs natural magnetic fields of Venus and Earth.

Cassini-Huygens Mission

• Slingshot Effect: Understand the slingshot effect used to launch Cassini-Huygens to Saturn.
• Major Findings: Rings of Saturn's system.

Stellar Life Cycle

• Life Cycle of Stars: protostar, Type I and II supernovas, white dwarfs, red giants-to-red supergiants, black holes, neutron stars.
• Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: Key features, including gyrochronology, absolute magnitude.

Galactic Features

• Galactic Types: 3 main types (elliptical, irregular, spiral).
• Sun's Location: Understand where our sun fits in.
• Other Features: Starbursts, clusters and superclusters.
• Hubble's Law: Application of Hubble's Law (age of the universe, cosmic background radiation, Big Bang theory), dark matter, dark energy.