3: Introduction to Ability to Use Source Materials


Knowledge Check:


Which of the following is the best reason to cite a source in academic writing?

  • To credit other's’ ideas and build credibility


Which of the following best indicates a source is reliable and appropriate for academic use?

  • The source is peer-reviewed and written by an expert in the field


Which of the following is the best way to integrate a quotation into your writing?

  • Introduce the quote, cite it, and explain its relevance


Why is it so important to document sources in academic writing?

  • To avoid plagiarism and show academic honesty


3.2: Evaluation of Sources


Choosing Sources:

  1. Type of Source

  2. Internet v. Print (ANYONE CAN PUT ANYTHING ONLINE ANYTIME)

  3. Objectivity v. Subjectivity

  4. Relevance

  5. Credibility of Author

  6. Date Published


Types of Sources:

  1. Primary Source = original materials created during the time under study, such as documents, photographs, and artifacts.

  2. Secondary Source = interpreted or analyzed materials created after the event, such as textbooks, articles, and documentaries that provide context and insights based on primary sources.



3.3: Integration of Resource Material


APA Style = a citation format established by the American Psychological Association, widely used in social sciences that ensures proper attribution of ideas, supports academic integrity, and facilitates the discovery of sources. (SOCIAL SCIENCES)

In-text Citation: Henderson and Hamilton (2016)

Parenthetical Citation: (Henderson & Hamilton, 2016).


et. al = used when citing a source with three or more authors, indicating that there are additional contributors beyond those mentioned.


CMS Style = Chicago Manual of Style, which provides guidelines for citation in scholarly writing, emphasizing consistency and comprehensive attribution of sources.

  • Numbers at the end of sentences indicate the corresponding footnotes or endnotes that provide further details on the source material referenced, making it easier for readers to find additional information.



3.4: Documentation of Sources


APA Style

  1. Books are cited with the author's last name, first initial, year of publication, title in italics, and the publisher's name, as demonstrated in the

    1. Smith, J. (2020). Understanding Research Methods. Academic Press.


MLA Style

  1. Books are cited with the author’s last name, first name, the title in italics, the publisher's name, and the year of publication, as demonstrated in the

    1. Smith, John. Understanding Research Methods. Academic Press, 2020.


CMS Style

  1. Books are cited with the author’s last name, first name, the title in italics, the publisher's name, the year of publication, and the page numbers if applicable, as demonstrated in the

    1. Smith, John. Understanding Research Methods. Academic Press, 2020.


Reference Materials:

  1. Almanac = a comprehensive reference book that provides a wide range of information, typically including statistics, facts, and information on various subjects, often organized by year or category.

  2. Atlas = a collection of maps, charts, or geographical information that may include information about political boundaries, transportation systems, and physical features of the earth.

  3. Bibliography = a list of sources and references used in the preparation of a work, such as books, articles, and websites, providing detailed citation information to allow readers to locate those sources.

  4. Citations Index = a systematic directory that categorizes sources based on specific criteria such as author, title, or subject matter, enabling researchers to efficiently find and reference relevant materials.

  5. Dictionary = a reference book or online resource that provides definitions, pronunciations, and information about words, including their origins and usage, serving as an essential tool for effective communication and comprehension.

  6. Directories = organized listings of sources or references that are classified according to particular subjects or categories, helping users navigate various resources efficiently.

  7. Encyclopedia = a comprehensive reference work that provides detailed information on a wide range of topics, often arranged alphabetically, and serves as a crucial resource for in-depth research and learning.

  8. Handbook = a concise reference book providing information or instructions on specific subjects, often used as a guide to assist users in applying knowledge effectively in practice.

  9. Index = an alphabetical list of subjects, topics, or keywords found in a book or document, typically including page numbers for easy reference, allowing readers to locate specific information quickly.

  10. Thesaurus = a reference book that provides synonyms and antonyms for words, helping users to expand their vocabulary and improve their writing by finding more precise or varied word choices.


Denotation = the literal or primary meaning of a word, as opposed to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests, which is essential for understanding and interpreting texts accurately.


Connotation = the implied or associated meanings of a word that can evoke certain emotions or reactions, influencing how a text may be received and understood by different audiences.