APUS History Study Guide Pack Units 1-9

Period 1: $1491$–$1607$ (Early Contact)

• Summary: Focuses on pre-contact indigenous life and the transformative effects of European arrival. Period $1$ accounts for $5\%$ of instructional content and does not appear on the DBQ.

• Key Concept $1.1$: Migrating native populations developed complex societies by adapting to diverse environments.

• Key Concept $1.2$: Contact between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans initiated the Columbian Exchange.

• Timeline:     * $1491$: Maize (staple crop enabling sedentary lifestyles).     * $1512$: Spain establishes the encomienda system.     * $1519$: Hernan Cortes invades Mexico.     * $1525$: Christopher Columbus claims islands including Hispaniola and Cuba.

• Key Terms:     * Christopher Columbus: Italian explorer seeking a route to India; motivated by "God, Gold, Glory."     * Encomienda System: Forced labor requiring American Indians to work and convert to Christianity.

Period 2: $1607$–$1754$ (Colonial North America)

• Summary: Covers the era from the founding of Jamestown to the start of the French and Indian War ($10\%$ of instructional content).

• Key Concepts: Europeans developed varied colonization models based on economic and religious goals; British colonies eventually developed a unique identity.

• Timeline:     * $1607$: Founding of Jamestown.     * $1637$: Anne Hutchinson expelled for organizing religious meetings for women.     * $1675$: War with the leader of the Wampanoag.     * $1692$: Salem Witch Trials.     * $1744$: Peak of the First Great Awakening.

• Key Terms:     * Mercantilism: Economic system based on government control of trade to increase national wealth.     * First Great Awakening: Evangelical religious movement emphasizing emotional experience.     * Cash Crops: Agricultural products grown for export (e.g., tobacco).

• Quote: Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God": "The wrath of God burns against them… the pit is prepared…"

Period 3: $1754$–$1800$ (Revolution and New Nation)

• Summary: Traces the shift from independent colonies to the United States ($12\%$ of instructional content).

• Key Concepts: British attempts to tighten control led to independence; debates over the new federal government role.

• Timeline:     * $1763$: Proclamation of $1763$ (Note: page $4$ text also refers to a "Proclamation of $1963$").     * $1775$: Battles at Lexington and Concord.     * $1776$: Declaration of Independence.     * $1780$: Articles of Confederation adopted.     * $1781$: British surrender at Yorktown.     * $1788$: U.S. Constitution ratified.     * $1791$: Bill of Rights adopted.

• Key Terms:     * Articles of Confederation: First governing document; created a weak federal government.     * Federalist Papers: Essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison advocating for a strong central government.

• Quote: Preamble to the U.S. Constitution: "We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union…"

Period 4: $1800$–$1848$ (Democracy and Expansion)

• Summary: Covers the election of $1800$ through the Mexican-American War ($10\%$ of instructional content).

• Key Concepts: Development of modern democracy, innovations in technology (telegraph), and the transition to a manufacturing economy.

• Timeline:     * $1803$: Louisiana Purchase for $15$ million.     * $1807$: Congress ends the international slave trade.     * $1820$: Missouri Compromise.     * $1823$: Monroe Doctrine.     * $1830$: Indian Removal Act signed by Andrew Jackson.     * $1845$: The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass published.     * $1848$: Seneca Falls Convention.

• Key Terms:     * Judicial Review: Supreme Court power to determine law constitutionality.     * American System: Henry Clay's plan for national banks and infrastructure.

Period 5: $1844$–$1877$ (Expansion, Civil War, and Reconstruction)

• Summary: Centers on Manifest Destiny, the Civil War, and the subsequent reconstruction of the Union ($13\%$ of instructional content).

• Timeline:     * $1850$: Compromise of $1850$ and Fugitive Slave Law.     * $1852$: Uncle Tom’s Cabin published by Harriet Beecher Stowe.     * $1857$: Dred Scott decision (slaves not citizens).     * $1860$: Abraham Lincoln elected; South Carolina secedes.     * $1863$: Emancipation Proclamation.     * $1867$: Reconstruction Acts.     * $1877$: Compromise of $1877$ ends Reconstruction.

• Key Terms:     * Manifest Destiny: Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand coast to coast.     * Nativist: Group opposing immigrants (e.g., Know Nothing Party).

Period 6: $1865$–$1898$ (Industrialization and the Gilded Age)

• Summary: Post-Civil War era defined by capitalism, industrial growth, and labor struggles ($13\%$ of instructional content).

• Timeline:     * $1869$: Transcontinental railroad completed.     * $1882$: Chinese Exclusion Act.     * $1886$: American Federation of Labor (AFL) formed.     * $1896$: Plessy v. Ferguson (segregation).

• Key Terms:     * Robber Barons: Corrupt business leaders.     * Gilded Age: Period appearing prosperous on the surface but masking social inequality.     * Gospel of Wealth: Andrew Carnegie's view on wealth and philanthropy.

• Quote: Rocky Mountain News, $1866$: "The one moral, the one remedy… is the Pacific Railroad."

Period 7: $1890$–$1945$ (Progressivism and Global Conflict)

• Summary: Includes the Progressive Era, World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II ($17\%$ of instructional content).

• Timeline:     * $1898$: Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam.     * $1920$: $19\text{th}$ Amendment (women's suffrage).     * $1929$: Stock Market Crash.     * $1935$: Social Security Act.     * $1941$: Attack on Pearl Harbor.     * $1942$: Executive Order #9066 (Japanese American internment).

• Key Terms:     * New Deal: Franklin Roosevelt's program for relief, recovery, and reform.     * Harlem Renaissance: African American artistic movement.     * Muckrakers: Journalists exposing social ills (e.g., The Jungle).

• Quote: Franklin Roosevelt, $1932$: "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American People."

Period 8: $1945$–$1880$ (The Cold War and Social Movements)

• Summary: Post-war global leadership and internal conflicts over civil rights and social programs ($15\%$ of instructional content).

• Timeline:     * $1947$: Truman Doctrine (containment of communism).     * $1954$: Brown v. Board of Education (school desegregation).     * $1962$: Cuban Missile Crisis.     * $1964$: Civil Rights Act signed by Lyndon Johnson.     * $1965$: Selma to Montgomery march.     * $1978$: Camp David Accords.

• Key Terms:     * Marshall Plan: Economic aid to Western Europe to stop communism.     * McCarthyism: Joseph McCarthy's search for communists in the U.S.     * Great Society: Lyndon Johnson's programs to end poverty and discrimination.

• Quote: George C. Marshall, $1947$: "…assist in the return of normal economic health in the world…"

Period 9: $1980$–Present (Modern Era)

• Summary: Rising conservatism, technological changes, and the end of the Cold War. Does not appear on the DBQ.

• Timeline:     * $1981$: Ronald Reagan inaugurated.     * $1983$: Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).     * $1989$: Fall of Berlin Wall.     * $1991$: End of Soviet Union; Mikhail Gorbachev resigns.     * $1998$: Clinton impeachment proceedings.     * $2001$: Terrorist attacks of September $11$.     * $2003$: Iraq War begins.     * $2011$: Death of Osama bin Laden.

• Key Terms:     * Ronald Reagan: Leader of the modern conservative movement.

• Quote: Ronald Reagan, $1987$: "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"

Questions & Discussion

• Discussion on Claims and Beliefs: "How did they reconcile their religious beliefs with the land they claimed?"

• Discussion on Westward Expansion: Regarding John Gast's American Progress painting: "What does it represent about how Americans saw westward expansion?"

1. What percentage of instructional content does Period 1 (1491–1607) account for?
   A) 5%
   B) 10%
   C) 12%
   D) 15%

2. What was a key agricultural innovation that allowed sedentary lifestyles?
   A) Cotton
   B) Wheat
   C) Maize
   D) Sugarcane

3. Which system required American Indians to work and convert to Christianity?
   A) Encomienda System
   B) Plantation System
   C) Sharecropping System
   D) Mission System

4. Who invaded Mexico in 1519?
   A) Christopher Columbus
   B) Hernan Cortes
   C) Francisco Pizarro
   D) John Smith

5. What is Mercantilism?
   A) A political system
   B) A religious movement
   C) An economic system based on government trade control
   D) A social contract theory

6. What event is marked by the year 1781?
   A) The Declaration of Independence
   B) The Articles of Confederation adopted
   C) British surrender at Yorktown
   D) Bill of Rights adopted

7. What was the significance of the Missouri Compromise in 1820?
   A) Ended slavery
   B) Handled territorial disputes
   C) Addressed the balance of free and slave states
   D) Started the Civil War

8. Which act was passed in 1964 to combat discrimination?
   A) Voting Rights Act
   B) Civil Rights Act
   C) Fair Housing Act
   D) Equal Pay Act

9. What did John Adams and Thomas Jefferson primarily disagree on?
   A) Role of the Presidency
   B) Slavery
   C) Foreign policy
   D) The Constitution

10. What concept did the Gilded Age represent?
    A) Genuine prosperity
    B) Social equality
    C) Surface wealth masking inequality
    D) Economic decline