Chapter 9

hemmings of Monticello were Jeffersons kids with Sally Hemmings, sally was marthas sister

plantations were large crop-growing places in the south

the wealth in the north and south shared a lot of similarities, had a capitalist economy, more poor than wealthy, not many men had a lot of property

cotton was a cash crop that planters wanted to spread out among large amounts of land, contributed to the small population

southern economy and culture were very far behind in industrialization, many people went to church, fewer people so less public funding

Baptists and Methodists both focused on personal rather than social improvement

proslavery arguments consisted of racist whites quoting the bible and saying it was positive and good.

Abolition of Negro Slavery was written by Thomas Dew, who argued slavery was a good thing and all abolition in other areas was a threat to the nation

Cotton Kingdom- cotton rearing states switched from coastal to southern states, grew to what leaders believed would bring world domination

Civilizing act- a response to missionary lobbying, congress approved $10000 manually to civilize natives on frontier settlements

Removal of the Shawnees- Shawnees had to give up 7/8 of their land to new settlers in Kansas, still preserved their language but men lost most of their status

James Monroe's removal message- proposed that all natives be moved beyond the Mississippi river

Indian Removal Act- authorized J Monroe to negotiate treaties to remove all Natives east of the Mississippi and provide funding for relocation.

Cherokee renaissance- between 1819-1829 they became self-sufficient and had its own bicameral gov, a new bible, and they also had a constitution based on the US

Cherokee v. Georgia- J. Marshall rules that the Cherokees were not their own nation nor their own state so they had no standings in federal court but they still had rights to their land and could only give it up voluntarily

Worchester V. Georgia- ruled that the Cherokee nation was a political community and that the laws of Georgia had no impact on it.

Trail of Tears- forced migration of the Cherokee people from their homelands in southeast Oklahoma, many refused to move but were detained and escorted by the military, and lots of natives died

New Echota- cherokee leaders agreed in 1835 to change southern homes for western land

Seminole wars- small bands of Seminoles in Florida ganged up and continued to resist moving, they waged a guerilla war against the us.

Yeoman farmers- white men and their families that moved to different places in search of valuable farmland, were self-reliant and isolated

Yeoman Folk culture- based off family, church, local region, and had scots-irish and Irish backgrounds

John Flintoff- Yeoman farmer who wrote diaries and bought his first slave without owning any land, then had to sell it, demonstrated how people could move in and out of slaveholding class

Ferdinand Steele- picked cotton on his own on his farm, survived on household economy,

Landless whites- 25-40% of whites were hired workhands, had low wages and few possessions

Democratic reform movements- farmers who resented their underrepresentation in state legislatures and corruption in local govs

Free blacks- were descendants of freed slaves few bought family members to free them but it wasn’t allowed, communities formed around churches

Known World- Written by Edward Jones in 2003 about a free black family that bought their own slaves, portrayed quest for power

Planters were not typically wealthy but aspiring

Bennett Barrow- cared for his crops and dogs but not his slaves

Paternalism- people in power restricted freedom and responsibilities to subordinate for their own good

Mortgaging- Many whites took out loans and mortgages to buy slaves, slaveholding capitalism was a growing economy

Code duello was still in effect in the south where men fought for their honor through violence, Flemming attacks avery in the streets, a week later Avery shot him dead, very found not guilty within ten min by jury and got a standing ovation.

Paul Cameron- one of the largest slave owners, an ex for southern paternalism, said he wouldn’t be cruel to his slaves and then made decisions without considering their welfare.

Southern WOmen were raided and educated to be wives, had no power under husbands

ostrich game was when a women would have to ignore the sexual relationship between her husband and a slave

slaves work routines- all day from dawn to dusk, didn’t have good nutrition or clothing, owners favored profit over paternalism

Task System- Slaves were assigned measured amounts of work to be performed in a given amount of time

Violence against slaves- whipping common and symbolized authority to master and tyranny to slaves, holders didn’t answer to the law but many slaves retained mental independence and self respect despite bondage.

Masters- were manipulative but many slaves didn’t fall for it and said one thing about their owners in public and another thing in private.

slave culture- changed when African born slaves were no longer imported but African influencesvery prominent through music, religion, and folktales. Many slaves had racial identity

Slave Religion- Many slaves adopted Christianity and used to for resistance, believed it was individual and group salvation, physical movement was crucial

Slave Families- owners expected slaves to get married and reproduce

Fancy Trade- pretty black women and girls were sold for sex at a price 300% higher than average

Slave resistance- slacked off when not being watched, used pregnancy to try and alter work conditions, tried to escape (80% male).

Denmark Vesy- free black bought his own freedom and became a religious leader who was determined to free his people.

Nat Turner- Slave who led a rebellion group from farm to farm killing all different types of white people, killed 60 people, and stopped after 48 hours.

Virginia Legislature- created a plan that would stop slavery and free slaves in 1858, then relocate them outside Virginia, plan was rejected and the legislature didn’t do anything.