Heimler Unit 4

4.2

peaceful transfer of power —- federalist to democratic republican (jefferson): revolution of 1800

  • constitutional interpretation: source of debate between political parties

    • federalists = loose interpretation

    • democratic-republicans = strict interpretation & no expansion of federal power —— agrarian society

      • reduced debt

      • repealed whiskey tax

  • expansion of federal power

    • lousiana purchase: opposite of his parties ideas

      • opposition: hard to organize control & debate over slavery 

      • corps of discovery: lewis & clark (federally funded)

    • embargo act (1807): ban on foreign trade (britian & france) 

      • tried to uphold neutrality — french & britian impressed & stole cargo

      • act was meant to force them to honor neutrality 

        • damaged the economy 

        • fed. gov shut down trade 

    • strengthening supreme court: Marshall Court

      • marbury v madison: established judicial review (put judical branch at equality with other branches)

      • mculloch v maryland: established supremecy of federal law over state 

4.3

national unification (economy):

  • lousiana purchase opened Mississippi River & new orleans — land routes less valuable in north east

    • erie canal

    • cumberland road: connect land routes 

      • federally funded 

  • american system:

    • Henry Clay: effort to grow national economy & unite regions 

      • federally funded infrastructure

      • protective tariffs (more likely to buy goods from america)

        • ex. tariff of 1816

      • second bank of us 

        • regulate public credit & establish a national credit 

          • promoted regional specialization (economic sectors) 

regional differences:

  • regional specialization:

    • south = agriculture: cotton

      • slavery moved west & south

    • north = manufactoring

  • economic policy: panic of 1819

    • reckless loaning of money (speculation): led to mass financial hardship 

      • north & south had differing opinions in how to fix the issue 

  • slavery

    • missouri compromise: maintain balance of free & slave states in the legislative branch

      • tallamdge agreement: would admit missouri if they got rid of slavery — worsened tensions between north & south

4.4

us not respected by european powers — britian kept soldiers in western forts & funded natives to attack them

  • trade policies:

    • emargo act (1807): cut off foreign trade

    • non-intercourse act: cut off trade with france & britian only, replaced emargo

      • kinda helped the economy

    • macon’s bill no2 (1810): temporarily open trade to britan & france, tried to blackmail them 

      • france agreed & then took advantage of us 

  • land acquisition:

    • tecumseh: led natives & new confederacy against us (indiana)

      • general harrison tricked natives into selling their land 

        • led to native resistance & war of 1812

  • foreign policies 

    • war of 1812: between britian & us 

      • britian kept troops, funded native attacks & continued impressment

        • war hawks: promoted war

        • federalists: anti-war, led to their collapse after threatening secession 

          • war = nothing lost or gained 

    • monroe doctrine: western hemisphere = us influence, no more european colonization 

      • promised to stay out of european affairs

      • created following many latin american revolutions 

4.5

market revolution: development in which the relationship between producers and consumers became the primary economic element of american society

  • more economic interdependence across regions 

  • effects:

    • increased national economy

    • encouraged regional economic specialization

  • causes:

    • industrial manufactoring became more organized & efficient 

      • organization: factory system (samuel slater), telegraph (morse)

      • infrastructure: federal & state funded: roads (cumberland road), canals (erie canal), railroads

        • didn’t really involve south (mostly west & east)

      • new tech: interchangeable parts (machine-made), steam engine, agricultural tech — amercian system of manufactoring

        • factory 

        • division of labor 

      • court cases: mcculloch v maryland: strengthened federal government’s ability to create conditions for rapid market growth, gibbons v odgen: federal gov could regulate interstate commerce

4.6

  • urbanization & immgration:

    • cities that grew were on geographic situation (strategic) — busy trade routes bc infrastructure 

      • linked urban & rural peoples

    • significant immigration: irish & german — potato famine

      • settled in big cities: work in factories — connected to market rev. 

      • grew cities & caused diversity 

        • led to nativism: know nothing party 

  • social hierarchy: emerged bc most goods avaible (increased consumerism & working for wages)

    • working class: worked in factories

      • many immigrants 

      • young women: lowell system

    • middle class emerged 

      • knowledge work

      • developed their own values (family structure, education & religion)

    • business elite (weathliest — factory owners)

  • gender & family: mostly in the middle class

    • men should be supporters — women shouldn’t work

      • gender codes

    • cult of domesticity: women gained more control in the home 

4.7

causes of expansion of voting rights:

  • panic of 1819: economic depression caused by risky practices of national bank (speculation)

    • most americans couldn’t vote — couldn’t hold people responsible

      • pushed for expansion of voting rights (remove property requirements)

  • democratic pattern of western states: van buren led universal male suffrage on east — copied this from western states

    • dorrs rebellion: created new state constitution & universal voting (still used colonial charter)

    • women & black men not included in universal voting

effects of expansion of voting rights:

  • changed political parties — more people voting, had to appeal to more

    • federalists gone: hartford convention

    • democrats & national republicans emerged

      • election of 1824: jackson v adams

        • jackson more popular — united with more common people

          • lost bc corrupt bargain

      • election of 1828: split democratic republicans (national republicans & democrats)

        • jackson won — popular campaigning

4.8

significance of jackson’s victory:

  • geographical shift: was a frontier man (not virginia)

  • won through direct campaigning

    • changed campaigning: direct (parades & rallies)

  • represented the people (common people)

    • led to expansion of power

two party system:

  • democrats (jackson) — laissez-faire gov

  • whigs (clay) — similar to federalists, strong fed gov (american system)

expansion of power:

  • nullification crisis: over tariff of 1828 (raised prices, bad for southerners)

    • jackson kept the tariff (calhoun nullified law (sc))

    • passed tariff of 1832 — kept increased prices

      • south carolina responded — nullified & threatened secession

      • passed force bill: force sc to pay taxes & lower tax

  • bank war: jackson vetoed the recharter of the national bank (elitest)

    • put funds in state banks (pet banks)

  • indian removal act (1830): cherokee adopted assimilation (constitution, republican gov)

    • forced natives to the west: tried to resist (worcester v georgia): won court case to prevent their movement

      • jackson forced it anyway — trail of tears

    • black hawk war: violent resistance — let to slaughter of natives

restraining federal power:

  • did not fund infrastructure developments (unconstitutional)

  • annexation of texas: mexico invited american settlement (could bring slaves)

    • ignored government — wanted independence, sam houston won war & texas = independent state

      • did not let them in as state — prevent war with mexico

      • couldn’t deal with it until election of 1836

4.9

era of good feelings: period of intense nationalism (post war of 1812)

  • american art: inspired by romanticism (emphasis on emotion)

    • visual: hudson river school: about nature

    • liturature: james fenimore cooper: romantized the west

    • architecture: greek revival style — democracy (athens)

    • philosophy: transcedentalism: rejected enlightnement thought, beyond senses (nature interactions)

      • emerson: nature

      • thoreau: walden

  • regional variation:

    • different ideas in books (cooper v allen poe)

4.10

similarities of the first & second great awakenings:

  • national religious movements

  • provided common experience — to unite

  • created new religious denomenations

  • grew existing denomenations

differences of the first & second great awakenings:

  • preachers were calvanist — promoted the individual (first)

    • born in sin — had to convert

    • not about society

  • preachers emphasised the good in the individual (second)

    • good choices

    • about the good in sociery — reform

    • christians could bring kingdom of god ot earth

causes of religious revival

  • expansion of democracy: universal white male suffrage

    • abandoned predestination: salvation to all (democratic)

    • involved all — camp meetings (leaders not educated)

  • rise of individualistic beliefs:

    • emphasis that people had to find their own way (not submitting to rule)

      • personalized religious conversion

  • reaction against rationalism

    • deism was rejected — promoted more emtionalism (romantism)

4.11

social reform:

  • temperance movement: no drinking — causing societal decline

    • american temperance society: middle class cannot drink

    • middle class movement: inspired by second great awakening

      • prohibition polices

        • portland rum riot:

  • movement for mental hospitals: dorothea dix, wanted cleaner/safer spaces for mentally ill

    • traveled around — states built them, providing professional care

  • abolitionist movement: no slavery (second great awakening)

    • free blacks attacked the system: books/speeches

    • philadelphia female anti-slavery society: boycotts

    • white people joined: the liberator (newspaper)

      • gag rule: take the issue outside of congress

      • effects:

        • north got rid of it

        • south passed slave codes

  • women’s rights:

    • pushed for equal rights - seneca falls convetion

      • declaration of sentiments and resolutions

  • religious societies:

    • utopian society: creating separate societies that were “perfect”

      • brook farm community: socialist experiment (no class structure & promoted equality) — enlightenment of the mind & education

      • oneida community: socialist — surrender land & polygamy (eugenics)

    • new religious movements:

      • mormons: joseph smith — reform christianity (american)

4.12

changes in slavery:

  • growing abolitionist movement (north)

    • moral choice — second great awakening

    • still imported slave cotton

  • southern economy centered on slave production of cotton (increasing it)

    • justifications: slavery = positive good

free blacks:

  • equal in number (north & south)

    • north : did not have equal rights, could own land & lived in cities though

      • cared more about economics — threatened north wage labor

      • liberia: american colonization society — blacks & whites couldn’t coexist — create a colony & send them there

    • south: lived in cities, feared being in slavery (limited in opportunites)

resistance to slavery:

  • covert: maintained culture (names, music, folktales) & broke tools

  • overt: nat turner’s rebellion (attack their owners & expanded their rebellion, put down — enstilled fear & caused harsher slave codes), amistad case (slaves on a ship killed & took it — were freed by supreme court)

  • political efforts: free soil convention (political party, guard the west from it)

4.13

southern identity:

  • king cotton: economy dominated by cotton production (slavery & cotton gin)

    • increased by market revolution

southern society:

  • elite — wealthy & lots of slaves: believed slavery = way of life (convinced the rest of population)

    • tightened the bonds

  • white plants — some slaves

  • yeoman farmes — no slaves

  • poor whites — no land

new ideologies

  • white supremacy: whites better than blacks

    • racial division

  • morality of slavery: not a necessary evil instead a positve good (abolish slavery = abolish the south) — economic & civilizing movement