Prokaryotes, Archaea, and Bacteria

Prokaryotes

  • Single-celled organisms.
  • Earliest and most primitive forms of life on Earth.
  • Two main branches: Bacteria and Archaea.

Prokaryotes - Function

  • Critical role in recycling of nutrients.
    • Decomposing dead organisms and allowing their nutrients to be reused.
  • Aid in digestion.
    • Breaking down difficult carbohydrates and other compounds.

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

  • Capsule: Additional protection, retains moisture.
  • Nucleoid: Contains DNA.
  • Plasmids: Gene-carrying, circular DNA structures.
    • Not used for cell division.
    • Aid in digestion, breaking down antibiotics.
  • Pili: Hair-like structures on the surface to attach to other bacterial cells.
  • Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotes - Reproduction

  • Reproduce asexually through binary fission.
    • Asexual: Does not involve the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg).
    • Inherit all of their genes from one parent.

Steps of Binary Fission

  • DNA replication: A single DNA molecule replicates itself.
  • The cell membrane begins to grow between the two DNA molecules.
  • Once the cell is double its original size, the cell membrane will pinch inward.
  • A cell wall forms between the two DNA molecules.
  • Result: Two identical daughter cells.

Archaea

  • Function: Nutrient cycling, digestion, maintain skin pH (keep moisture in / bacteria out).
  • Extremophiles: They live and thrive in extreme environments.
    • Hot (e.g., volcanoes and thermal vents), acidic, salty, methane-rich environments.
  • Shape: rod, cone, square, and round.
  • Still very unknown as a group.

Bacteria

  • Shape: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios), corkscrew (spirochaetes).
  • Location: Every habitat on Earth, in and on living organisms like plants and animals.
    • Humans: Mainly found in the digestive system.
  • Some bacteria are parasites or pathogens and cause disease in animals/plants.

Bacteria Wanted Poster Project

Task

  • Create a poster about a specific bacterium (can be digital or done by hand).
  • Looking for scientific information, pictures, and color.
  • Must include 22 sources on a Works Cited page.

What to Include

  • Scientific Name (binomial name).
  • Common Name.
  • Symptoms of Disease.
  • Route of Infection.
  • Picture of Bacteria Cells.
  • Places bacteria can be found.
  • Organisms bacteria can infect.
  • Treatment for disease.
  • Duration of Disease.

What to Include Part 2

  • Must have resources in MLA format.
    • Must have a minimum of 22 resources.
  • How to cite sources using MLA format.
  • Helpful tools: Citation Machine.
  • This must be on a separate page from your poster.

Rubric

  • 11 point per section of information (99 points total).
    • See slide 1717.
  • Overall design (2 points).
    • Cohesive/Easy to Read.
  • Punctuation/grammar/spelling (11 point).
    • Use Spell Check.
  • MLA sources (22 points).
    • See slide 1818.
  • Total: 1414 points.

Pathogenic Bacteria

  • Listeria
  • Salmonella typhi
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Yersinia pestis
  • Pertussis
  • E. Coli 0157:H7
  • Lyme disease
  • Diphtheria
  • Pneumonia
  • Strep throat
  • Anthrax
  • Botulism
  • Gangrene
  • Tetanus
  • Tuberculosis
  • Typhus
  • Legionellosis
  • Staph
  • Scarlet Fever
  • Cholera
  • Dysentery
  • MRSA
  • Propionibacterium acnes
  • Streptococcus mutans
  • Helicobacter pylori