Academic Vocabulary and Applied Context Study Guide

Core Nouns Group 1

  • Vocabulary List:
    • Abduction: Adam kaçırma (The act of taking someone away against their will).
    • Acceleration: Hızlanma, ivme (a=ΔvΔta = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}).
    • Acceptance: Kabul.
    • Access: Erişim; being able to reach or enter somewhere.
    • Access Point: In technology, centrally managed points for wireless LAN.
    • Addition: İlave, ekleme.
    • Attitude: Tavır.
    • Avenue: Bulvar.
    • Barrister: (Dava) vekil(i).
    • Blank: Boşluk.
    • Break: Ara, mola.
    • Cactus: Kaktüs.
    • Coherence: Yapışık olma, uyumluluk.
    • Compartment: Bölme.
    • Composition: Kompozisyon, oluşum; e.g., the composition of the eye lens is 65%65\% water and 35%35\% protein.
    • Compulsion: Zorlama.
    • Construction: Yapım, inşaat.
    • Contradiction: Çelişki.
    • Controversy: Anlaşmazlık.
    • Corrosion: Korozyon, paslanma, aşınma.
    • Counterfeit/Counterpart: Sahte, taklit (Counterfeit); Denk (Counterpart).
    • Decomposition: Bozulma, çürüme.
    • Deduction: Çıkarım, eksiltme, iskonto.
    • Defect: Kusur.
    • Deficiency: Eksiklik.
    • Dent: Bere, çökme, çentik.
    • Depiction: Betimleme, tasvir.
    • Deterrence: Caydırma.
    • Disdain: Küçümseme.
    • Disorder: Bozukluk, rahatsızlık (e.g., heart disorders or mental disorders like Zoanthropy).
    • Distortion: Bozulma.
    • Donor: Bağışçı, donör.
    • Elevation: Yükseklik, yükselme; e.g., Ketchua Indians live at high altitudes, having more blood than those at lower elevations.
    • Enthusiasm: Coşku, heyecan.

Core Nouns Group 2

  • Vocabulary List Continued:
    • Excess: Aşırı, fazla.
    • Fertility: Verimlilik, doğurganlık; e.g., Yemen has a fertility rate of 7.67.6 children per woman.
    • Fluctuation: Dalgalanma; blood pressure fluctuations may be prevented by cooling down after exercise.
    • Fraud: Dolandırıcı(lık).
    • Friction: Sürtünme.
    • Futility: Faydasızlık.
    • Ignition: Ateşleme.
    • Illumination: Aydınlatma, aydınlanma.
    • Immunity: Bağışıklık; acute stress may boost immunity by protecting against infection.
    • Inference: Çıkarım.
    • Inhibition: Engelleme.
    • Interaction: Etkileşim; the changing interaction between solar wind and the earth's magnetic field causes the Northern Lights.
    • Interference: Müdahele; solar wind can cause interference with radio and power lines (1,000,0001,000,000 megawatts).
    • Interval: Zaman aralığı, boşluk.
    • Likeness: Benzerlik; an analogy provides likenesses to real things.
    • Lump: Yumru, parça.
    • Marrow: İlik (Bone marrow).
    • Meaning: Anlam.
    • Membrane: Zar.
    • Memorandum: Not, zabit, tezkere.
    • Miracle: Mucize.
    • Nominee: Aday.
    • Notion: Nosyon, kavram.
    • Occurrence: Olma, meydana gelme.
    • Ornament: Süs, takı.
    • Outcome: Çıktı, ürün.
    • Outline: Taslak.
    • Phenomenon: Sıradışı olay (Plural: Phenomena).
    • Pile: Yığın (e.g., a pile of wood).
    • Poison: Zehir; found in the feathers of the Pitohui bird.
    • Recession: Geri çekilme.
    • Requirement: Gereklilik; daily bodily vitamin requirement is less than a thimbleful.
    • Saliva: Tükürük; a human produces approximately 11 litre a day or 10,00010,000 gallons in a lifetime.
    • Satisfaction: Tatmin.
    • Span: Süre, uzunluk; the average life span of a fifth-century man was 3030 years (modern life spans have risen by 30+30+ years).
    • Territory: Alan, arazi; dogs defend their territory against intruders.
    • Tip: Bahşiş, uç (e.g., the tip of the tongue or tip of a starfish arm).
    • Tolerance: Hoşgörü.
    • Tract: Alan, saha, bölge, sistem; the human digestive tract is approximately 3030 feet long.
    • Trivia: Ivır zıvır.
    • Volume: Hacim; Saturn's volume is 744744 times that of Earth.

Advanced Nouns (Subsets)

  • Addict: Bağımlı (e.g., drug addict).
  • Alienation: Yabancılaşma.
  • Blink: Göz kırpma; average time between blinks is 2.82.8 seconds.
  • Captivity: Esaret; animals in captivity (e.g., flamingos fed carrot juice).
  • Commodity: Ticari mal.
  • Consumption: Tüketim.
  • Continent: Kıta; evidence for moving continents includes shared life forms between Africa and South America.
  • Cluster: Küme; the Virgo cluster contains at least 1,0001,000 galaxies.
  • Contraction: Büzüşme, daralma; opposite of expansion (e.g., iris contraction).
  • Device: Cihaz; miniaturization of CPUs increased digital devices.
  • Diligence: Çalışkanlık, çaba.
  • Emission: Emisyon, yayılım; cars contribute to 18%18\% of global CO2CO_{2} emissions.
  • Epidemic: Salgın; e.g., overweight in children is considered an epidemic.
  • Equation: Eşitlik, denklem.
  • Features: Özellik; inherited features not strictly tied to DNA sequences (epigenetics).
  • Post: Görev, direk (e.g., a teaching post).
  • Range: Aralık, menzil; athletic resting pulse rates in the range of 4040 to 5050 bpm.
  • Significance: Önem; the significance of Mendel's work wasn't understood until the 20th century.
  • Tax: Vergi; e.g., hotel costs plus tax.

Adjective Descriptors

  • Adverse: Ters, zıt, olumsuz; adverse symptoms.
  • Agile: Çevik.
  • Applicable: Uygulanabilir.
  • Artificial: Yapay; e.g., artificial body parts or light.
  • Available: Mevcut.
  • Barren: Çorak, verimsiz; barren soils of the Great Rift Valley.
  • Blunt: Kör, kesmeyen.
  • Colossal: Devasa.
  • Compatible/Comparable: Uygun (Compatible); Benzer (Comparable).
  • Compulsive: Zorlayıcı; compulsive Internet use or exercising.
  • Controversial: Tartışmalı; nuclear power is a controversial energy source.
  • Deadly/Fatal: Ölümcül; the most deadly disease is malaria (1.51.5 million deaths annually).
  • Delicate: İnce, hassas; delicate hand movements or weather instruments.
  • Devoted: Adanmış.
  • Distant: Uzak; distant ancestors or relatives.
  • Dormant: Aktif olmayan, sönmüş; dormant uranium minerals.
  • Entire: Tüm, tamami; covering the entire surface of the Earth.
  • External/Internal: Dış (External); İç (Internal).
  • Ferocious: Vahşi, yırtıcı.
  • Hectic: Yoğun, çok hareketli.
  • Infected: Enfeksiyonlu; wounds becoming infected by bacteria.
  • Innate: Doğuştan; innate immunity vs acquired immunity.
  • Invaluable: Paha biçilmez; invaluable contributions.
  • Meticulous/Titiz: Careful, detailed.
  • Obsolete: Modası geçmiş; obsolete computer hardware.
  • Outermost: En dış; epidermis is the outermost layer of skin.
  • Prior: Önceki (Prior knowledge).
  • Renowned: İyi bilinen, ünlü (Renowned American writers).
  • Severe: Sert, şiddetli; severe disorders.
  • Subsequent: Sonraki; subsequent dreams usually last longer.
  • Underlying: Altta yatan; underlying causes of hiccups.
  • Vivid: Canlı; vivid hallucinations.
  • Widespread: Yaygın.

Action Verbs (Mechanisms and Science)

  • Absorb: İçine çekmek, emmek; skin cells absorb water.
  • Accuse/Charge: Suçlamak (Accuse); Suçlamak/Yüklemek (Charge).
  • Aids/Aids in: Yardım etmek; structure knowledge aids in synthesizing drugs.
  • Appear: Görünmek; it appears that the earth stands still.
  • Beat: Vurmak, çarpmak; the human heart beats approx 100,000100,000 times per 2424 hours.
  • Comprise: (-den) meydana gelmek; bones comprise 22%22\% water.
  • Contaminate: Kirletmek; one gallon of petrol can contaminate 750,000750,000 gallons of water.
  • Determine: Belirlemek; determining the age of a deer by antlers.
  • Distinguish: Ayırt etmek; distinguishing 500500 shades of gray.
  • Emit: Yaymak, salmak; used nuclear fuel emits gamma rays.
  • Enable: Yapmasını sağlamak; enable people to live forever.
  • Evolve/Emerging: Step-by-step change/Coming out into view.
  • Heal: Tedavi etmek, iyileştirmek (6−86-8 weeks for fracture healing).
  • Indicate: Göstermek, işaret etmek; scientific evidence indicates rock ages.
  • Maintain: Sürdürmek; maintaining body weight.
  • Mine: Maden çıkarmak; mining iron on Mercury.
  • Provide: Sağlamak; timber provides 80%80\% of energy in some regions.
  • Relieve: Rahatlatmak; laughter helps relieve stress.
  • Seek: Elde etmeye çalışmak; individuals seek the opinions of others.
  • Stretch: Gerdirmek, germek; hair can stretch 25%25\% of its length.
  • Surround: Sarmak, kuşatmak; a family surrounded by artistic names.
  • Tend: Eğiliminde olmak; men tend to be better at reading maps.
  • Undergo: Başından geçmek, yaşamak; the brain undergoes 100,000100,000 chemical reactions per second.

Adverbs of Scale and Manner

  • Accurately: Doğru şekilde.
  • Actually: Gerçekte, aslında.
  • Approximately: Yaklaşık olarak; 6666 million cats to 5858 million dogs.
  • Bitterly: Acılı şekilde, öfkeyle.
  • Brightly: Parlak şekilde; brightly patterned bodies of butterfly fish.
  • Detrimentally: Zarar verecek şekilde; Internet use affects life detrimentally.
  • Dramatically: Çarpıcı şekilde, önemli ölçüde.
  • Eventually: Sonunda, nihayet.
  • Fairly: Oldukça; a fairly common misconception.
  • Hardly/Scarcely: Hemen hemen hiç.
  • Independently: Bağımsızca; hormones work independently of the brain.
  • Invariably/Instantly: Hiç şaşmadan (Invariably); Anında (Instantly).
  • Lately/Recently: Son zamanlarda.
  • Madly: Çılgınca; madly in love.
  • Manually: Elle yaparak; motorcyclists fixing motors manually.
  • Objectively: Nesnel şekilde.
  • Particularly: Özellikle; exercise is increased particularly when risk factors are low.
  • Permanently: Sürekli şekilde; eyes damaged permanently by the Sun.
  • Properly: Uygun şekilde; packaging and storing crops properly.
  • Roughly: Kabaca.
  • Severely: Şiddetli şekilde.
  • Solely: Sadece; a polar bear's diet consists solely of seal and fish.
  • Technically: Teknik olarak; drowning technically refers to taking water into lungs, not necessarily death.
  • Traditionally: Geleneksel olarak.

Phrasal Verbs & Expressions

  • Account for: Açıklamak; small intestines account for substantial digestive length.
  • Back up: Desteklemek/Yedeklemek; backing up accusations with evidence.
  • Break into: İzinsiz girmek (e.g., apartment).
  • Break out: Aniden başlamak; a violent civil war broke out.
  • Break up: Sevgiliden ayrılmak.
  • Bring about: Sebep olmak.
  • Call for: Gerektirmek; the situation calls for immediate action.
  • Count on: Güvenmek.
  • Cut down on: Azaltmak, kısmak; cutting down on fat/sugar.
  • Die out: Nesli tükenmek.
  • Figure out: Anlamak; specialists figure out why computers fail.
  • Give off: Salmak, yaymak; materials give off or reflect light.
  • Go on: Devam etmek.
  • Keep up with: Aynı seviyeyi korumak; staying up to date to keep up.
  • Look to: Birinden medet ummak; job seekers looking to the net.
  • Make up: Telafi etmek, oluşturmak, uydurmak; making up for almost a quarter of species.
  • Missing out: Fırsatı kaçırmak.
  • Pass by: Yanından geçmek.
  • Put out: Söndürmek; putting out a forest fire.
  • Run out of: Tükenmek.
  • Send for: Çağırmak, getirtmek; sending for a doctor.
  • Set off: Yola çıkmak.
  • Take up: Başlamak (hobi).
  • Turn down: Reddetmek; turning down a job offer.
  • Turn into: Dönüşmek; a quarry turned into a highway.
  • Turn out: Ortaya çıkmak.

Scientific Data Summary

  • Earth Age: Science indicates some surface rock is several billion years old (≈4,500\approx 4,500 million years).
  • Human Anatomy:
    • Brain: 100,000100,000 reactions/second; 2%2\% of body weight.
    • Heart: Beats ≈100,000\approx 100,000 times in 2424 hours; produces energy to raise 11 ton a yard in 11 hour.
    • Eye: Retina takes 2.82.8 seconds between blinks; iris expansion and contraction; perceives 1+1+ million visual impressions.
    • Bones: 22%22\% water; 2626 bones in human foot.
    • Skin: Epidermis sheds 11 million cells every 4040 minutes.
    • Blood: Average adult has 12,00012,000 lbs pressure per sq inch on thighbone while walking.
  • Astronomy:
    • Saturn: 9595 times heavier than Earth; 744744 times volume.
    • Distance: Light from nearest star took 4+4+ years to reach Us.
  • Ecology:
    • Insects: Bats make up almost 25%25\% of mammal species.
    • Emissions: Cars produce 18%18\% of global CO2CO_{2}.