Reviewer in Music Quarter 2

Lesson 1: Traditional Music of Africa

→ used primarily in ceremonial rites, such as birth, death, marriage, succession, worship, and spirit invocations

→ others are work-related or social in nature

→ many traditional societies view their music as entertainment

  1. Afrobeat

    a term used to describe the fusion of West African with black American music

  2. Apala (Akpala)

→ from Nigeria and Yoruba

→ used to wake up the worshippers after fasting during the holy feast of Ramadan

→ rattle (sekere), thumb piano (agidigbo), bell (agogo), and two or three talking drums

  1. Axe

→ from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil

→ fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of the marcha, reggae, and calypso

→ played by carnival bands

  1. Jit

→ hard and fast percussive music

→ from Zimbabwe

→ drums with guitar accompaniment, influenced by mbira-based guitar styles

  1. Jive

→ from South Africa

→ lively, uninhibited variation of the jitterbug (a form of swing dance)

  1. Juju

→ from Nigeria

→ relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, where the instruments are more Western in origin

→ drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel, guitar, accordion, with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum or squeeze drum)

  1. Kwassa Kwassa

→ begun in Zaire, late 1980’s

→ popularized by Kanda Bongo man

→ this dance style is hips moving back and forth while the arms follow the hip movements

  1. Marabi

→ from South Africa, 1930-1960s

→ three-chord township music evolved into African jazz

→ keyboard style that combines American jazz, ragtime, and blues with African roots

→ simple chords in varying vamping patterns and repetitive harmony over an extended period of time to allow dancers more time on the dance floor

Lesson 2: Latin-American Music Influenced By African Music

  1. Reggae

→ Jamaican

→ influenced by traditional mento music, calypso, African music, American jazz, and R n B

→ offbeat rhythm and staccato chords

  1. Salsa

→ from Cuba, Puerto Rico, Columbia

→ cuban son montuno, guaracha, chachahca, mambo. and bolero

  1. Samba

→ from Brazil

→ its roots can be traced back to African via the West African slave trade and African religion traditions particularly Angola and Congo

→ lively and rhythmical beat with three steps to every bar, making the samba feel like a timed dance

→ its original style is uncertain

4, Soca

→ also known as the soul of calypso

→ originated as a fusion of calypso with Indian rhythms

→ Trinidad and Tobagonian

  1. Were

→ Muslim music

→ wake-up call for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebrations

→ fuses the African and European music styles

  1. Zouk

→ fast, carnival-like rhythmic music

→ from the Creole slang word for “party”

→ from Guadalupe and Martinique in 1980s

→ pulsating beat supplied by the gwoka and tambour bele drums, timbwa rhythmic pattern played on the rim of the snare drum, a rhythmic guitar, a horn section, and keyboard synthesizers

Lesson 3: Vocal Forms of African Music

  1. Macaratu

→ from Pernambuco

→ African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies

→ their groups were called nacoes (nations)

→ accompanied with a singer, chorus, and coterie of dancers

-Its musical instruments-

a. alfaia - large wooden drum that is rope-turned, complemented by the:

b. tarol - shallow snare drum

c. caixa de guerra - war-like snare

d. gongue - provides the clanging sound, a metal cowbell

e. agbe - gourd shaker covered by beads

f. miniero (ganza) - a metal cylyndrical shaker filled with metal slot or small dried seeds

  1. Blues

→ late 19th century

→ deep roots in African-American communities, located in the “Deep South” of the US

→ sang by the slaves and their descendants as they worked in the cotton and vegetable fields

→ expressive and soulful sound

-Its noted performers-

a. Ray Charles

b. James Brown

c. Cab Callonay

d. Aretha Franklin

e. John Lee Hooker

-Examples of its music-

a. Early Mornin’

b. A House Is Not A Home

c. Billie’s Blues

  1. Soul

→ from US, 1950s and 1960s

→ African-American gospel music, rhythm, and blues, and often jazz

→ accompanied by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves

→ James Brown and Etta James were influential for this music form

-Examples of its music-

a. Ain’t No Mountain High Enough

b. Soul to Soul

c. All I Could Do Was Cry

  1. Spiritual

→ from a song form known as Negro Spirituals

→ sung by African slaves in America who became enslaved by its white communities

-Examples of its music

a. We Are Climbing Jacob’s Ladder

b. Rock My Soul

c. When The Saints Go Marching In

  1. Call & Response

→ succession of two distinct musical phrases where the second phrase acts as direct commentary on or response to the first

-Examples of its music-

a. Mannish Boy

b. Call Me Maybe

Lesson 4: Popular Latin-American Music

  1. Samba

→ has several variations

→ the most adventurous kind is known as batucada

  1. Son

→ fusion of the Spanish music and African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin

→ from Cuba

→ tres (guitar), contrabass, bongos, maracas, and claves (two wooden sticks that are hit together)

  1. Salsa

→ social dance

→ contains elements from swing dance and hustle as well as the Afro-Caribbean, Afro-Cuban dance forms of pachanga and guanguanco

Lesson 5: Vocal and Dance Forms of Latin-American Music

  1. Cumbia

→ from Panama and Columbia

→ courtship dance

→ European and African instrumentation and characteristics

  1. Tango

→ Viennese waltz and polka

→ close contact between male and female dancers

  1. Cha Cha

→ ballroom dance

→ from Cuba in the 1950s

→ derived from the mambo and its characteristic rhythm of 2 crochets-3 quavers- quaver rest, with a syncopation on the fourth beat

  1. Rumba

→ complex duple meter pattern

  1. Bossa Nova

→ integrates melody, harmony, and rhythm into a swaying feel

→ nasal vocal style

  1. Foxtrot

→ one step, two step, and syncopated patter

  1. Paso Doble

→ meaning double step

→ from Spain where it is used in bullfights

→ theatrical dance

Lesson 6: Jazz Music

Ragtime

→ from America

→ mainly for piano

Big Band

→ a large ensemble

→ from US

Bepop

→ fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation

Jazz Rock

→ from 1960s and 1970s bands

→ jazz elements inserted into rock music

Other terms

  1. Disco

→ from the French word which means a library for phonograph records

  1. Ballad

→ used by poets and composers

→ 18th century

→ deep roots in African-American communities