AP Comp Sci Principles Final(Vocab Section)

  1. The Internet is a network of computing networks that is used for different locations to communicate with each other

  2. Digital Divide-the gap between those who benefit from the Digital Age and those who don't.

  3. Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second

  4. Latency - Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver.

  5. Protocol is a well known set of rules and standards on how to handle the information

  6. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files -- such as text, images, sound, video and other multimedia files -- over the web.

  7. IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force -a group that develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards and protocols, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP).

  8. Domain Name System is a system that can associate names with corresponding addresses

  9. World Wide Web refers to all the public websites or pages that users can access on their local computers and other devices through the internet.

  10. Packets - Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information. They do NOT travel together when transferred.  

  11. TCP - (Also called TCP/IP) Transmission Control Protocol - provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet.  It puts all the tiny data packets back together.  

  12. Redundancy/ Network Redundancy- The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network

  13. Fault Tolerant- Can continue to function even in the event of individual components failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups

  14. Internet Protocol (IP) is the method by which data is sent from one computer to another on the internet.

  15. Phishing: a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information. That personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails.

  16. Keylogging: the use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information

  17. Malware: software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation (short for malicious software)

  18. Rogue Access Point: a wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks.

  19. Multi Factor Authentication: requires more than one distinct authentication factor for successful authentication.

  20. Encryption: a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it.

  21. Decryption: a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text.

  22. Symmetric Encryption: involves one key for both encryption and decryption

  23. Asymmetric Encryption (Public Key Encryption): pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The sender does not need the receiver’s private key to encrypt a message, but the receiver’s private key is required to decrypt the message.

  24. Certificate Authority: is an organization that acts to validate the identities of entities and binds them to cryptographic keys through the issuance of electronic documents known as digital certificates.

  25. Digital Certificate: an electronic document that is tied to a cryptographic key pair and authenticates the identity of a website, individual, organization, user, device or server

  26. TLS: Transport Layer Security encrypts data sent over the Internet to ensure that eavesdroppers and hackers are unable to see what you transmit. (Improved SSL)

  27. Lossless Compression is a process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information. This process is reversible.

  28. Lossy Compression is a process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost or thrown away. This process is not reversible.

  29.  Metadata is data about data 

  30. Linear Search: Checks each element in the list until a target value is found

  31. Binary Search: Checks the midpoint value in the list and compares the target value to the midpoint value

  32. Overflow error occurs when a computer program or system tries to store more data in a fixed-size location than it can handle, resulting in data loss or corruption.

  33. Parallel computing involves breaking down large computational tasks into smaller, independent parts that can be executed simultaneously by multiple processors.

  34. Citizen science projects involve members of the public participating in scientific research alongside professionals. These projects can range from data collection and analysis to helping design research questions and interpret results.

  35. Creative Commons (CC) licenses are standardized copyright licenses that allow creators to grant permission to the public to use their work under specific conditions